Skip to main content

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Microbiol., 02 August 2013
Sec. Extreme Microbiology
This article is part of the Research Topic Hydrothermal microbial ecosystems View all 22 articles

Presence and diversity of anammox bacteria in cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps and hydrothermal vent sediments of the Guaymas Basin

  • 1Department of Ecological Microbiology, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  • 2Department of Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
  • 3Unité Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds, Laboratoire Environnement Profonds, Ifremer, Plouzané, France
  • 4Unité Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Ifremer, UMR6197, CNRS, University of Brest, Plouzané, France

Hydrothermally active sediments are highly productive, chemosynthetic areas which are characterized by the rapid turnover of particulate organic matter under extreme conditions in which ammonia is liberated. These systems might be suitable habitats for anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria but this has not been investigated in detail. Here we report the diversity and abundance of anammox bacteria in sediments that seep cold hydrocarbon-rich fluids and hydrothermal vent areas of the Guaymas Basin in the Cortés Sea using the unique functional anammox marker gene, hydrazine synthase (hzsA). All clones retrieved were closely associated to the “Candidatus Scalindua” genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clusters of hzsA sequences (Ca. Scalindua hzsA cluster I and II). Comparison of individual sequences from both clusters showed that several of these sequences had a similarity as low as 76% on nucleotide level. Based on the analysis of this phylomarker, a very high interspecies diversity within the marine anammox group is apparent. Absolute numbers of anammox bacteria in the sediments samples were determined by amplification of a 257 bp fragment of the hszA gene in a qPCR assay. The results indicate that numbers of anammox bacteria are generally higher in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments compared to the vent areas and the reference zone. Ladderanes, lipids unique to anammox bacteria were also detected in several of the sediment samples corroborating the hzsA analysis. Due to the high concentrations of reduced sulfur compounds and its potential impact on the cycling of nitrogen we aimed to get an indication about the key players in the oxidation of sulfide in the Guaymas Basin sediments using the alpha subunit of the adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase (aprA). Amplification of the aprA gene revealed a high number of gammaproteobacterial aprA genes covering the two sulfur-oxidizing bacteria aprA lineages as well as sulfate-reducers.

Introduction

The Guaymas Basin is a near-shore submarine depression in the central Gulf of California that is characterized by hydrothermally active sediments and hydrocarbon-rich seepages that escape from the sediments at a range of different temperatures (Bazylinski et al., 1988). Geothermally-heated seawater water rises along the ridge segment that is associated with sea floor spreading and escapes via hotspots at high temperatures up to 300°C (Von Damm et al., 1985). Locally, the progressive degradation of organic matter in deeper sediment layers causes the buildup of hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbons that seep to the sediment surface at moderate temperatures (cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps) (Vigneron et al., 2013). Due to a high sedimentation rate of the detritus from the productive surface waters as well as terrestrial input, the crustal fissures are covered with a layer of 100–500 m-thick organic-rich sediments (Calvert, 1966). The hot fluids diffusing upwards lead to accelerated diagenesis by metal sulfide precipitation and thermochemical decomposition of organic material within the sediment, leading to a distinct seeping fluid with relatively higher concentrations of ammonium and low molecular weight hydrocarbons and lower concentrations of free sulfides than other lava vent sites (Kawka and Simoneit, 1987; Bazylinski et al., 1988; Von Damm, 1990). This creates an unusual ecosystem at 2000 m depth that is fueled by conversion of reduced inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide or methane by chemoautotrophs. Although the Guaymas Basin sediment is generally well-supplied with ammonium (Von Damm, 1990) and there is sufficient evidence of nitrate reduction as a potential source for nitrite (Bowles and Joye, 2010; Bowles et al., 2012), anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has not yet been investigated in Guaymas Basin sediments. It has been assumed that the abundance of reduced carbon and sulfide may favor denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and inhibit anammox (Burgin and Hamilton, 2007; Jensen et al., 2008).

Anammox has been shown to be a key process in the cycling of nitrogen in oxygen-limited systems such as oxygen minimum zones and marine sediments all over the world and molecular surveys could confirm presence of anammox bacteria in very diverse environments such as deep sea sediments, Atlantic hydrothermal vent systems, hot springs, arctic sediments, and petroleum reservoirs (Kuypers et al., 2003, 2005; Trimmer et al., 2003; Byrne et al., 2008; Jaeschke et al., 2009, 2010; Lam et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010; Hong et al., 2011; Harhangi et al., 2012; Borin et al., 2013). So far, anammox bacteria of the genus “Candidatus Scalindua spp.” are the major representatives of the order Brocadiales in marine ecosystems (van de Vossenberg et al., 2008, 2013; Woebken et al., 2008). Like other anammox bacteria, they derive their energy for growth from the conversion of NH+4 and NO2 into dinitrogen gas, thereby constituting an important sink for fixed nitrogen under anoxic conditions. In this study we used a combination of specific biomarkers to target anammox bacteria and determine their numbers and diversity within the Guaymas basin. Anammox bacteria are so far the only known bacteria capable of hydrazine production, therefore we used the alpha subunit of the hydrazine synthase (HzsA) complex as a molecular marker to detect and quantify anammox (Harhangi et al., 2012). In addition we used ladderane lipids, which are unique to the membranes of anammox bacteria, as biomarkers. (Sinninghe Damsté et al., 2002, 2005).

The importance of the sulfur cycle in the Guaymas Basin sediments has been known already since the discovery of extensive mats of sulfur-oxidizing Beggiatoa spp. that were observed at the sediment interface (Jannasch et al., 1989). These organisms thrive on sulfide and nitrate and contribute significantly to the systems primary production (Nelson et al., 1989; McHatton et al., 1996). As the abundance of reduced sulfur compounds might have a substantial impact on the cycling of nitrogen in the Guaymas Basin sediments, we also investigated the diversity of the gene encoding a key enzyme of the dissimilatory sulfate-reduction pathway: dissimilatory adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase. Homologues of this gene have been found in photo- and chemotrophic sulfur oxidizers, in which it is thought to work in reverse direction, converting sulfite to APS (Frigaard and Dahl, 2009). Two other groups of sulfur oxidizers have been found to be important in marine sediments using different pathways to oxidize reduced sulfur compounds: Epsilonproteobacteria using the Sox pathway and Gammaproteobacteria related to thiotrophic endosymbionts using the adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate pathway of sulfur oxidation (Hügler et al., 2010). The coupling of the conversion of reduced sulfur compounds to nitrate reduction could have very interesting implications with respect to the formation of complex interactions that would be fueled from the exchange of intermediates.

Materials and Methods

Sample Collection

Samples were recovered from cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps and hydrothermal vent sediments during the cruise “BIG” (RV L'Atalante, June 2010) on dives 1758-14, 1755-11, 1764-20, and 1766-22 as described by Vigneron et al. (2013). Sets of one location were sampled at about 12 cm distance. A description of the samples can be found in Table 1.

TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Table 1. Description of the different samples used in this study.

Chemical Analyses

Pore water from the cores was extracted in one (<10 cm) or two centimeters (>10 cm) resolution using Rhizon moisture samplers with a pore size of 0.1 μm (Seeberg-Elverfeldt et al., 2005). Water samples were subsampled by adding either ZnCl2 (1:1 vol/vol) for H2S analysis or freezing at −20°C (ammonium) until further analysis. Ammonium was analysed by a manual flourimetric method (detection limit 1 μM, Holmes et al., 1999). This analysis is sensitive to the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) therefore the measurements were corrected for the presence of H2S. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations were determined by colorimetry according to Fonselius et al. (2007).

Molecular Techniques

DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction

Total genomic DNA was isolated from different sediments using the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO Laboratories, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. To avoid contamination with our own anammox cultures, isolations were performed in a different department.

All PCR amplifications were performed in a total volume of 25 μl using 12.5 μl PerfeCTa® SYBR® Green FastMix (Quanta), 0.4 μM forward/reverse primer, 2 μl of template and 10.5 μl of DEPC-treated H2O. Hydrazine synthase amplification was initiated with a denaturation step at 94°C for 5 min and continued with a standard amplification program of 35 cycles (45 s 94°C; 1 min 56°C; 45 s 72°C). The final elongation step was done at 72°C for 7 min. Two different primer combinations, targeting the single copy hzsA gene, were used on the different samples (Harhangi et al., 2012): I (526F-TAYTTTGAAGGDGACTGG; 1857R-AAABGGYGAATCATARTGGC) and V (757FScal-AGTTCNAAYTTTGACCC; 1857R-AAABGGYGAATCATARTGGC). The aprA fragments of 387 bp were amplified using primers aprA-1-FW-TGGCAGATCATGATYMAYGG and aprA-RV-GGGCCGTAACCGTCCTTGAA in the same assay as described for hydrazine synthase (Meyer and Kuever, 2007). The annealing temperature was lowered to 55°C.

Cloning and phylogenetic analysis

The hzsA and aprA amplicons were cloned in Escherichia coli using the pGEM T-easy vector system (Promega) according to the protocol. Clones were randomly selected from overnight-grown LB agar plates containing 100 μM of ampicillin, 200 μM IPTG and 200 μM X-gal. Plasmids were isolated with the GeneJet Plasmid Miniprep Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the protocol using 4 ml of overnight bacterial culture. Colony PCR was performed to check cloned plasmids for an insert. Eighty hzsA clones and forty aprA clones were selected for Sanger sequencing at the DNA Diagnostics Department of Nijmegen University Medical Center, Nijmegen. Alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using the MEGA 5.0 software (Tamura et al., 2011). Related sequences were retrieved via BLAST searches in the Genbank databases. The sequences were submitted to Genbank under the accession numbers KF202916-KF202955 for aprA and KF202956-KF203035 for hzsA (see Supplementary Tables 1, 2).

Quantitative PCR

Primers targeting the hzsA gene (1600FScal-GGKTATCARTATGTAGAAG; 1857R-AAABGGYGAATCATARTGGC) were used in a quantitative PCR assay to assess the absolute number of anammox bacteria in the deep sea samples. Amplifications were again performed in a total volume of 25 μl using iQ™ sybr® Green Supermix (Bio Rad) and 1 μl template. The amplicon of “Ca. Scalindua profunda” with a fragment amplified with the same primers (van de Vossenberg et al., 2013) was diluted in 10-fold steps and used as a standard in the analysis. Amplification was done on a iCycler iQ (Bio Rad) according to the following thermal protocol: The amplification program was started with 3 min at 96°C, followed by 40 cycles of 1 min at 95°C, 1 min 54°C, and 1 min at 72°C and a final elongation step of 5 min at 72°C. A melting curve analysis was performed at the end of the program ranging from 52–90°C in steps of 0.5°C to identify potentially unwanted amplicons. Ten products that were retrieved were cloned into E. coli as described above to verify amplification of the correct product. Retrieved plasmids were checked for an insert by colony PCR and sequenced as described before.

Lipid analysis

Ladderane fatty acids, including the newly identified short-chain C14 ladderane fatty acids, were analyzed according to previously described methods (Hopmans et al., 2006; Rush et al., 2012). Briefly, sediments were freeze-dried, homogenized, and extracted using a modified Bligh-Dyer method (Boumann et al., 2006). The extract was saponified by refluxing with aqueous 1 N KOH in 96% methanol for 1 h. The pH of the saponified extract was adjusted to 3 with 2 N HCl in methanol and the fatty acids were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM). The DCM fraction was dried using Na2SO4 and the fatty acids were converted into their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by methylation with diazomethane (CH2NH2). A FAME fraction was obtained by elution over activated aluminum oxide with DCM. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were removed by elution over a small AgNO3 (5%)-impregnated silica column with DCM. The resulting fraction was dissolved in acetone (1 mg/ml) and filtered through a 0.45 μm, 4 mm diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI-MS/MS) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode as described by Rush et al. (2012). Ladderane FAMEs were quantified using external calibration curves of isolated methylated ladderane fatty acid standards.

Results

Biogeochemical Analysis

Cold hydrocarbon-rich seep (CS) sediments were generally anoxic (Vigneron et al., 2013) and until a depth of 40 cm the temperature was constant at 3°C. As expected, ammonium was present throughout the sediment in concentrations ranging from 10–40 μM. In one core (1758-14 CT11) ammonium levels dropped below the detection limit (1 μM) at 2–3 cm, but increased again with increasing depth (Figure 1A). In sediments with hydrothermal activity ammonium concentrations were higher, increasing from 0.5 mM at the interface to 1.8 mM at 4 cm depth. In deeper layers, concentrations varied between 1.4 and 1.8 mM (Figure 1A). The temperature at the sediment-water interface was around 20°C and increased linearly to up to 100°C at 40 cm depth. Sulfide was not detected at the sediment interface in any of the samples, but increased rapidly below 1–4 cm sediment depth (Figure 1B). In the hydrothermal vent sediment and sediments at the edge of the white mat (1767 CT10 and 1758-14 CT11) concentrations stayed below 10 mM, whereas in sediments visibly covered by mats of sulfur oxidizers (1755-11 CT1 and 1758-14 CT1) sulfide concentrations were higher (Figure 1B). Within the reference zone (REF) core, which was collected outside of the active zone, there was a small peak of ammonium at 2 cm (13 μM). Sulfide was below detection limit throughout the core. Nitrate and nitrite profiles were not available for the sampling sites.

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1. Depth profiles of (A) ammonium and (B) sulfide in cold seep and hydrothermal sediments. Sediment cores of the reference zone is depicted in green, cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps in blue and hydrothermal sites in red. Ammonium in hydrothermal sediments was higher and is therefore shown as an inset (the axes have the corresponding units).

Ladderane Core Lipid Analysis

To confirm the presence and abundance of anammox bacteria in Guaymas Basin sediments we used ladderane fatty acids as an additional, specific biomarker. Selected samples were analyzed for original ladderane lipids (C18 and C20 ladderane fatty acids) as well as ladderane oxidation products (C14 ladderane fatty acids). The concentration of total ladderanes was highest in the cold hydrocarbon-rich seep sediments (up to 310 ng · g sediment−1) (Table 2). The relative contribution of short chain ladderane fatty acids to the total ladderane lipid pool in cold hydrocarbon-rich seep samples was 66 and 74% at the sediment-water interface (samples 1 and 12, respectively) and increased with sediment depth. The reference zone concentrations of ladderane fatty acids were 60 ng · g sediment−1 of which 80% were original ladderane lipids. In both hydrothermally active sediments (samples 14 and 15) no ladderane fatty acids could be detected.

TABLE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Table 2. Concentrations of total ladderane fatty acids in different sediment samples and the relative proportion of short chain ladderane fatty acids.

Diversity of the hzsA Gene in Guaymas Basin Sediments

Amplifying the hzsA gene with two different primer sets (757FScal/1857R and 526F/1857R) resulted in 80 clones from Guaymas Basin sediments, all of which were related to the “Ca. Scalindua” genus (Figure 2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clusters of hzsA sequences (“Ca. Scalindua” hzsA cluster I and II). Sequences of cluster II were preferentially amplified using 526F/1857R as primers during amplification. The average similarity within these clusters was 91.6% for cluster I and 88.7% for cluster II. However, comparison of individual sequences revealed that between both clusters several sequences share a similarity as low as 76% at the nucleotide level. Within the “Ca. Scalindua” hzsA cluster I three subclusters could be identified: BIG I and BIG II consisted mostly of cold hydrocarbon-rich seep sequences. The third cluster consisted of sequences that were related to the enrichment culture species S. profunda (van de Vossenberg et al., 2008) as well as three clones from Northeast Greenland marine sediment (Harhangi et al., 2012). The “Ca. Scalindua” hzsA cluster II was generally more diverse and composed of two subclusters. The first subcluster containing one sequence from Barents Sea sediment and mostly sequences associated with cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps. The second cluster contained several clones retrieved from the Barents Sea (Harhangi et al., 2012), clones from the Ogasawara Trench in the West Pacific (Nunoura et al., 2013) and clones from cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps, vents and reference zone samples. Generally there seems to be no great correlation between the sample locations and the diversity of anammox bacteria as clones retrieved from cold hydrocarbon-rich seep, reference zone and hydrothermal sediments were found in all clusters.

FIGURE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 2. Neighbor-joining tree of phylogeny estimated by ClustalW included in the MEGA 5.0 software package, showing >1000 bp fragments of hzsA nucleotide sequences retrieved from the Guaymas Basin sediments. Letters (I or V) of the samples indicate the primer set used for amplification and the number refers to the sample. Samples are color-coded and at collapsed nodes abbreviated: reference zone in green (REF), cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps in blue (CS) and hydrothermal sites in red (V). Values at the internal nodes indicate bootstrap values based on 500 iterations. The bar indicates 5% sequence divergence. The outgroup with other anammox bacteria includes Genbank accession numbers JN703715, JN703714, JN703713, JN703712, AB365070 and CT573071. Accession numbers of individual clones are provided in Supplementary Table 1.

Quantification of Anammox Bacteria by Functional Gene Amplification

Based on the hzsA biodiversity study (see above) which showed only representatives of the “Ca. Scalindua” genus, we determined absolute numbers of anammox bacteria in the sediment samples by amplification of a “Ca. Scalindua”-specific 257 bp fragment of the hszA gene in a qPCR assay. The results indicated that numbers of anammox bacteria were generally higher in cold hydrocarbon-rich seep environments compared to the vents (Figure 3).

FIGURE 3
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 3. hzsA copy number in different sediment samples (±SD of technical replicates). Sediment cores of the reference zone is depicted in green, cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps in blue and hydrothermal sites in red. Arrows indicate decreasing sediment depth within a single core.

Gene copy numbers of anammox hzsA in cold hydrocarbon-rich seep sediments varied between 1.5 × 106 to 1.5 × 107 copies per gram of sediment. The total number of hzsA gene copies was usually highest at the sediment interface and decreased with increasing depth (Figure 3, 9/10, 12/13, 15/16). The exception was a whole sediment core (Figure 3, 1–7) (0–21 cm), which was analyzed in increments of 3 cm. Here, hzsA gene copies increased linearly from the interface peaking at 6–9 cm sediment depth (1.47 × 107 copies · g sediment−1). In proximity of the hydrothermal vents total numbers of the hzsA gene in the sediments were much lower (1.9 × 105 to 1.3 × 106 copies · g sediment−1).

Diversity of the aprA Gene

An aprA library comprising 39 sequences was generated from selected cold hydrocarbon-rich seep sediments (samples 1, 3, and 9) and the sediment interface of the vents MegaMat M27 (sample 15). The majority of all sequences were affiliated with the Gammaproteobacteria (35 sequences), clustering in both apr lineages of known sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) (Meyer and Kuever, 2007). Sequences from lineage I were divided into 2 clusters (Figure 4). The first cluster consisting of 4 cold hydrocarbon-rich seep clones and 5 from hydrothermal vent sediments were most closely related to gut microflora clones of Asterechinus elegans (93%) and endosymbionts of Olavius ilvae (86–89%) (Ruehland et al., 2008; Becker et al., 2009). The second cluster was comprised of 11 cold hydrocarbon-rich seep clones and 3 vent clones showing the highest similarity to clones retrieved from hydrothermal vents of the Logatchev field (87–89%) and low temperature hydrothermal oxides at South West Indian ridge (90%) (Hügler et al., 2010). One clone was retrieved within lineage I being most closely related with the uncultured alphaproteobacterial aprA genes. The closest hit was a clone retrieved from carbonate sediments at the South West Indian Ridge (88%). Within SOB apr lineage II 9 sequences (7 CS and 2 V) grouped within a cluster of endosymbionts and uncultured bacteria of deep-sea environments. Closest hits were obtained with marine sediment clones of the Cascadia margin (94%), gut microflora clones of Asterechinus elegans (92%) and endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila (86%) (Meyer and Kuever, 2007; Becker et al., 2009; Blazejak and Schippers, 2011; Brissac et al., 2011; Lenk et al., 2011). Two clones from vent sediments formed a separate cluster in apr lineage I, showing a rather low similarity to previously described clones (gut microflora clones of Asterechinus elegans 81%). Three of the aprA sequences clustered with sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria of the Desulfovibrio and Desulfobulbus genus and a single sequence was most closely related with the firmicutes (Desulfotomaculum sp. 78%) (Friedrich, 2002; Hügler et al., 2010).

FIGURE 4
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 4. Neighbor-joining tree of phylogeny estimated by ClustalW included in the MEGA 5.0 software package, showing ~400 bp fragments of aprA nucleotide sequences retrieved from the Guaymas Basin sediments. The number refers to the sample and collapsed nodes are abbreviated: reference zone in green (REF), cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps in blue (CS) and hydrothermal sites in red (V). Values at the internal nodes indicate bootstrap values based on 500 iterations. The bar indicates 5% sequence divergence. Accession numbers of individual clones are provided in Supplementary Table 2.

Discussion

Almost all samples from the cold hydrocarbon-rich seep sediment core that were investigated contained a high relative abundance of short chain ladderane fatty acids (>65%). This high percentage may be explained by degradation of original ladderanes during diagenesis (Rush et al., 2012). Little is known about the biological degradation of ladderanes yet, but it is assumed that it proceeds via the β- oxidation pathway (Beam and Perry, 1974; Dutta and Harayama, 2001). Although the sediments were virtually anoxic, the degradation of original ladderane fatty acids could be the result of periodic exposure to low amounts of oxygen in such a dynamic system. When the concentrations of short and original ladderane fatty acids were compared, a slight increase of original ladderanes and an increase in short chain ladderanes with depth was observed, which corresponded to the acquired qPCR data of core 1758-14 CT2 (Figure 5). This would suggest that on the one hand there was ongoing conversion from long chain fatty acids to the short chain ladderanes in the absence of oxygen, but also that the overall concentration of original ladderanes was higher deeper in the sediment at this specific location. This could be the result of seasonal high burial of anammox biomass and a high ladderane turnover or the in situ production of ladderanes in deeper sediment layers. In hydrothermally active sediments no ladderanes could be detected. This could be because ladderanes were unstable at higher temperatures due to their peculiar chemical structure (Jaeschke et al., 2008).

FIGURE 5
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 5. Depth profile of absolute ladderane lipid concentrations in core 1758-14 CT2 including original ladderanes and short chain ladderane fatty acids. Data points represent measurements on the sediment sample pooled from 0 to 3 cm, 6 to 9 cm, and 15 to 18 cm sediment depth.

The use of two different primer sets to amplify hzsA gene fragments resulted in the retrieval of marine hzsA sequences showing a diversity comparable to that reported for 16S rRNA genes of anammox bacteria (Woebken et al., 2008). The functional gene analysis hinted at the high diversity within the “Ca. Scalindua” genus, considering that some genera of fresh water anammox shared a higher similarity (Ca. Jettenia asiatica and Ca. Brocadia anammoxidans 79.4%). This was a first indication using a functional gene that the marine group might consist of more than one genus or at least showed a very high interspecies diversity within a single genus.

The finding of anammox specific phylomarkers within these sediments was surprising, as the deep sea sediments of the Guaymas Basin were not only rich in organic matter, ammonium and methane, but also contained mM concentrations of sulfide. Sulfide has been reported to inhibit the anammox process in granular sludge of wastewater treatment plants already at low concentrations (Carvajal-Arroyo et al., 2013; Jin et al., 2013). Although no conclusion can be made with regard to anammox activity in the Guaymas Basin sediments, the results point to the same direction as the highest number of hzsA copy numbers usually coincided with the absence of sulfide at the sediment interface and decreased rapidly with depth.

Aerobic ammonium oxidizing Thaumarchaeota were shown to play a role in supplying nitrite for anammox in oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) (Francis et al., 2005; Lam et al., 2009), but in these systems also a cryptic sulfur cycle was reported (Canfield et al., 2010). Since for continental shelf sediments and the Benguela OMZ denitrification was suggested to play a role in nitrite supply (Thamdrup and Dalsgaard, 2002; Kuypers et al., 2005) and the sites of our study are all sulfidic in nature we focused on the possibility of sulfide-driven partial denitrification. Reduced sulfur compounds, such as sulfide, fuel primary production in cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps and are often linked to oxygen and nitrate respiration (Jannasch and Wirsen, 1979; Karl et al., 1980; Lichtschlag et al., 2010). The amplification of a key gene in sulfur oxidation revealed a high number of gammaproteobacterial aprA genes covering the two SOB aprA lineages as well as sulfate-reducers. Previously also Epsilonproteobacteria were shown to be abundant in Guaymas Basin sediments likely also gaining energy from growth on sulfide as an electron donor to reduce nitrate (Teske et al., 2002; Bowles et al., 2012). This suggested that reduced sulfur compounds could serve as a link between sulfur and nitrogen cycling in such ecosystems. Although there was no direct evidence for the significance of Gammaproteobacteria in sulfur oxidation in the Guaymas Basin sediments the retrieval of such an aprA diversity confirmed findings of Gammaproteobacteria playing a role in linking the sulfur and nitrogen cycles in marine sediments by coupling sulfide oxidation to nitrate reduction (Mills et al., 2004; Hügler et al., 2010; Lenk et al., 2011). This could have very interesting implications with respect to the formation of complex interactions that would be driven by the exchange of intermediates (i.e., nitrite). For example, partial denitrification (Błaszczyk, 1992, unpublished data) coupled to sulfide oxidation could supply anammox bacteria with nitrite. Additionally, the oxidation of sulfide might create pockets in which the concentration of free sulfide is low enough so that anammox bacteria remain active. The existence of such an interaction was recently reported (Wenk et al., 2013), but whether this could occur in the sediments or the water column of the Guaymas Basin remains to be determined.

Conclusion

This study shows that anammox bacteria were detected in complex and exotic environments by amplification of the unique functional marker gene hzsA, allowing much more specificity than 16S rRNA gene based analysis. The high diversity observed in hzsA phylogeny suggested a high interspecies variety within the marine anammox cluster in an essential and highly-conserved gene. Although evidence so far did not favor anammox bacteria in sulfidic sediments (Burgin and Hamilton, 2007) we detected relatively high numbers of anammox gene copies in cold hydrocarbon-rich seep sediments of the Guaymas Basin.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank M LeRoy and the crews of the research vessel L'Atalante and the submersible Nautile of the cruise “BIG” and the scientific team for retrieval of the samples. The cruise was funded by IFREMER (France) and has benefited from a work permit in Mexican waters (DAPA/2/281009/3803, October 28th, 2009). This study was supported by grant 232937 from the European Research Council. B.K. is supported by a Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research grant (VENI 863.11.003).

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://www.frontiersin.org/Extreme_Microbiology/10.3389/
fmicb.2013.00219/abstract

References

Bazylinski, D. A., Farrington, J. W., and Jannasch, H. W. (1988). Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal vent site. Org. Geochem. 12, 547–558. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(88)90146-5

CrossRef Full Text

Beam, H. W., and Perry, J. J. (1974). Microbial degradation and assimilation of n-alkyl-substituted cycloparaffins. J. Bacteriol. 118, 394–399.

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text

Becker, P. T., Samadi, S., Zbinden, M., Hoyoux, C., Compère, P., and De Ridder, C. (2009). First insights into the gut microflora associated with an echinoid from wood falls environments. Cah. Biol. Mar. 50, 343–352.

Błaszczyk, M. (1992). Comparison of denitrification by Paracoccus denitrificans, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 41, 203–210.

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text

Blazejak, A., and Schippers, A. (2011). Real-time PCR quantification and diversity analysis of the functional genes aprA and dsrA of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes in marine sediments of the Peru continental margin and the Black Sea. Front. Microbiol. 2:253. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00253

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Borin, S., Mapelli, F., Rolli, E., Song, B., Tobias, C., Schmid, M. C., et al. (2013). Anammox bacterial populations in deep marine hypersaline gradient systems. Extremophiles 17, 289–299. doi: 10.1007/s00792-013-0516-x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Boumann, H. A., Hopmans, E. C., van de Leemput, I., Op den Camp, H. J. M., van de Vossenberg, J., Strous, M., et al. (2006). Ladderane phospholipids in anammox bacteria comprise phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine headgroups. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 258, 297–304. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00233.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Bowles, M., and Joye, S. (2010). High rates of denitrification and nitrate removal in cold seep sediments. ISME J. 5, 565–567. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.134

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Bowles, M., Nigro, L., Teske, A., and Joye, S. (2012). Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments. Front. Microbiol. 3:377. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00377

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Brissac, T., Merçot, H., and Gros, O. (2011). Lucinidae/sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: ancestral heritage or opportunistic association? Further insights from the Bohol Sea (the Philippines). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 75, 63–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00989.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Burgin, A. J., and Hamilton, S. K. (2007). Have we overemphasized the role of denitrification in aquatic ecosystems? A review of nitrate removal pathways. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5:89–96. doi: 10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[89:HWOTRO]2.0.CO;2

CrossRef Full Text

Byrne, N., Strous, M., Crepeau, V., Kartal, B., Birrien, J.-L., Schmid, M., et al. (2008). Presence and activity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. ISME J. 3, 117–123. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2008.72

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Calvert, S. E. (1966). Origin of diatom-rich, varved sediments from the Gulf of California. J. Geol. 74, 546–565. doi: 10.1086/627188

CrossRef Full Text

Canfield, D. E., Stewart, F. J., Thamdrup, B., De Brabandere, L., Dalsgaard, T., De Long, E. F., et al. (2010). A cryptic sulfur cycle in oxygen-minimum-zone waters off the Chilean coast. Science 330, 1375–1378. doi: 10.1126/science.1196889

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Carvajal-Arroyo, J. M., Sun, W., Sierra-Alvarez, R., and Field, J. A. (2013). Inhibition of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) enrichment cultures by substrates, metabolites and common wastewater constituents. Chemosphere 91, 22–27. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.025

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Dutta, T. K., and Harayama, S. (2001). Biodegradation of n-alkylcycloalkanes and n-alkylbenzenes via new pathways in Alcanivorax sp. strain MBIC 4326. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 1970–1974. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.4.1970-1974.2001

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Fonselius, S., Dyrssen, D., and Yhlen, B. (2007). Methods of Seawater Analysis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.

Francis, C. A., Roberts, K. J., Beman, J. M., Santoro, A. E., and Oakley, B. B. (2005). Ubiquity and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in water columns and sediments of the ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 14683–14688. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506625102

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Friedrich, M. W. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis reveals multiple lateral transfers of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate reductase genes among sulfate-reducing microorganisms. J. Bacteriol. 184, 278–289. doi: 10.1128/JB.184.1.278-289.2002

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Frigaard, N.-U., and Dahl, C. (2009). Sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 54, 103–200. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2911(08)00002-7

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Harhangi, H. R., Le Roy, M., van Alen, T., Hu, B.-L., Groen, J., Kartal, B., et al. (2012). Hydrazine synthase, a unique phylomarker with which to study the presence and biodiversity of anammox bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 752–758. doi: 10.1128/AEM.07113-11

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Holmes, R. M., Aminot, A., Kérouel, R., Hooker, B. A., and Peterson, B. J. (1999). A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 1801–1808. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-56-10-1801

CrossRef Full Text

Hong, Y.-G., Yin, B., and Zheng, T.-L. (2011). Diversity and abundance of anammox bacterial community in the deep-ocean surface sediment from equatorial Pacific. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 89, 1233–1241. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2925-4

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Hopmans, E. C., Kienhuis, M. V. M., Rattray, J. E., Jaeschke, A., Schouten, S., and Damsté, J. S. S. (2006). Improved analysis of ladderane lipids in biomass and sediments using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20, 2099–2103. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2572

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Hügler, M., Gärtner, A., and Imhoff, J. F. (2010). Functional genes as markers for sulfur cycling and CO2 fixation in microbial communities of hydrothermal vents of the Logatchev field. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 73, 526–537.

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text

Jaeschke, A., Abbas, B., Zabel, M., Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2010). Molecular evidence for anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria in continental shelf and slope sediments off northwest Africa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55, 365.

Jaeschke, A., Lewan, M. D., Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2008). Thermal stability of ladderane lipids as determined by hydrous pyrolysis. Org. Geochem. 39, 1735–1741. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.08.006

CrossRef Full Text

Jaeschke, A., Op den Camp, H. J., Harhangi, H., Klimiuk, A., Hopmans, E. C., Jetten, M. S., et al. (2009). 16S rRNA gene and lipid biomarker evidence for anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (anammox) in California and Nevada hot springs. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 67, 343–350. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00640.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Jannasch, H. W., Nelson, D. C., and Wirsen, C. O. (1989). Massive natural occurrence of unusually large bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) at a hydrothermal deep-sea vent site. Nature 342, 834–836. doi: 10.1038/342834a0

CrossRef Full Text

Jannasch, H. W., and Wirsen, C. O. (1979). Chemosynthetic primary production at East Pacific sea floor spreading centers. Bioscience 29, 592–598. doi: 10.2307/1307765

CrossRef Full Text

Jensen, M. M., Kuypers, M. M., Lavik, G., and Thamdrup, B. (2008). Rates and regulation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification in the Black Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr 53, 23–36.

Jin, R.-C., Yang, G.-F., Zhang, Q.-Q., Ma, C., Yu, J.-J., and Xing, B.-S. (2013). The effect of sulfide inhibition on the ANAMMOX process. Water Res. 47, 1459–1469. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.018

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Karl, D., Wirsen, C., and Jannasch, H. (1980). Deep-sea primary production at the Galapagos hydrothermal vents. Science 207, 1345–1347. doi: 10.1126/science.207.4437.1345

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Kawka, O. E., and Simoneit, B. R. (1987). Survey of hydrothermally-generated petroleums from the Guaymas Basin spreading center. Org. Geochem. 11, 311–328. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(87)90042-8

CrossRef Full Text

Kuypers, M. M., Lavik, G., Woebken, D., Schmid, M., Fuchs, B., Amann, R., et al. (2005). Massive nitrogen loss from the Benguela upwelling system through anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 6478–6483. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502088102

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Kuypers, M. M., Sliekers, A., Lavik, G., Schmid, M., Jørgensen, B., Kuenen, J., et al. (2003). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea. Nature 422, 608–611. doi: 10.1038/nature01472

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Lam, P., Lavik, G., Jensen, M., van de Vossenberg, J., Schmid, M., Woebken, D., et al. (2009). Revising the nitrogen cycle in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 4752–4757. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0812444106

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Lenk, S., Arnds, J., Zerjatke, K., Musat, N., Amann, R., and Mußmann, M. (2011). Novel groups of Gammaproteobacteria catalyse sulfur oxidation and carbon fixation in a coastal, intertidal sediment. Environ. Microbiol. 13, 758–774. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02380.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Li, H., Chen, S., Mu, B.-Z., and Gu, J.-D. (2010). Molecular detection of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria in high-temperature petroleum reservoirs. Microb. Ecol. 60, 771–783. doi: 10.1007/s00248-010-9733-3

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Lichtschlag, A., Felden, J., Brüchert, V., Boetius, A., and De Beer, D. (2010). Geochemical processes and chemosynthetic primary production in different thiotrophic mats of the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (Barents Sea). Limnol. Oceanogr. 55.

McHatton, S. C., Barry, J. P., Jannasch, H. W., and Nelson, D. C. (1996). High nitrate concentrations in vacuolate, autotrophic marine Beggiatoa spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 954–958.

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text

Meyer, B., and Kuever, J. (2007). Molecular analysis of the diversity of sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes in the environment, using aprA as functional marker gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 7664–7679. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01272-07

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Mills, H. J., Martinez, R. J., Story, S., and Sobecky, P. A. (2004). Identification of members of the metabolically active microbial populations associated with Beggiatoa Species mat communities from Gulf of Mexico cold-seep sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 5447–5458. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5447-5458.2004

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Nelson, D. C., Wirsen, C. O., and Jannasch, H. W. (1989). Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 2909–2917.

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text

Nunoura, T., Nishizawa, M., Kikuchi, T., Tsubouchi, T., Hirai, M., Koide, O., et al. (2013). Molecular biological and isotopic biogeochemical prognoses of the nitrification-driven dynamic microbial nitrogen cycle in hadopelagic sediments. Environ. Microbiol. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12152. [Epub ahead of print].

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Ruehland, C., Blazejak, A., Lott, C., Loy, A., Erséus, C., and Dubilier, N. (2008). Multiple bacterial symbionts in two species of co-occurring gutless oligochaete worms from Mediterranean sea grass sediments. Environ. Microbiol. 10, 3404–3416. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01728.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Rush, D., Hopmans, E. C., Wakeham, S. G., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2012). Occurrence and distribution of ladderane oxidation products in different oceanic regimes. Biogeosciences 9, 2407–2418. doi: 10.5194/bg-9-2407-2012

CrossRef Full Text

Seeberg-Elverfeldt, J., Schlüter, M., Feseker, T., and Kölling, M. (2005). Rhizon sampling of pore waters near the sediment/water interface of aquatic systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 3, 361–371. doi: 10.4319/lom.2005.3.361

CrossRef Full Text

Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Geenevasen, J. A., Strous, M., and Jetten, M. S. (2005). Structural identification of ladderane and other membrane lipids of planctomycetes capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). FEBS J. 272, 4270–4283. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04842.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Strous, M., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Hopmans, E. C., Geenevasen, J. A., van Duin, A. C., et al. (2002). Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane. Nature 419, 708–712. doi: 10.1038/nature01128

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., and Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28, 2731–2739. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr121

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Teske, A., Hinrichs, K.-U., Edgcomb, V., de Vera Gomez, A., Kysela, D., Sylva, S. P., et al. (2002). Microbial diversity of hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin: evidence for anaerobic methanotrophic communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 1994–2007. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.4.1994-2007.2002

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Thamdrup, B., and Dalsgaard, T. (2002). Production of N2 through anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 1312–1318. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.3.1312-1318.2002

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Trimmer, M., Nicholls, J., and Deflandre, B. (2003). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation measured in sediments along the Thames estuary, United Kingdom. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 6447–6454. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.11.6447-6454.2003

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

van de Vossenberg, J., Rattray, J. E., Geerts, W., Kartal, B., van Niftrik, L., van Donselaar, E. G., et al. (2008). Enrichment and characterization of marine anammox bacteria associated with global nitrogen gas production. Environ. Microbiol. 10, 3120–3129. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01643.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

van de Vossenberg, J., Woebken, D., Maalcke, W. J., Wessels, H. J. C. T., Dutilh, B. E., Kartal, B., et al. (2013). The metagenome of the marine anammox bacterium ‘Candidatus Scalindua profunda’ illustrates the versatility of this globally important nitrogen cycle bacterium. Environ. Microbiol. 15, 1275–1289. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02774.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Vigneron, A., Cruaud, P., Pignet, P., Caprais, J.-C., Cambon-Bonavita, M.-A., Godfroy, A., et al. (2013). Archaeal and anaerobic methane oxidizer communities in the Sonora Margin cold seeps, Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California). ISME J. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.18. [Epub ahead of print].

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Von Damm, K. L. (1990). Seafloor hydrothermal activity: black smoker chemistry and chimneys. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 18, 173–204. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.001133

CrossRef Full Text

Von Damm, K. L., Edmond, J. M., Measures, C. I., and Grant, B. (1985). Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 2221–2237. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6

CrossRef Full Text

Wenk, C. B., Blees, J., Zopfi, J., Veronesi, M., Bourbonnais, A., Schubert, C. J., et al. (2013). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria and sulfide-dependent denitrifiers coexist in the water column of a meromictic south-alpine lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 58, 1–12.

Woebken, D., Lam, P., Kuypers, M. M. M., Naqvi, S. W. A., Kartal, B., Strous, M., et al. (2008). A microdiversity study of anammox bacteria reveals a novel ‘Candidatus Scalindua’ phylotype in marine oxygen minimum zones. Environ. Microbiol. 10, 3106–3119. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01640.x

Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text

Keywords: anammox, hzsA, aprA, hydrothermal vents, cold seep, sulfide

Citation: Russ L, Kartal B, op den Camp HJM, Sollai M, Le Bruchec J, Caprais J-C, Godfroy A, Sinninghe Damsté JS and Jetten MSM (2013) Presence and diversity of anammox bacteria in cold hydrocarbon-rich seeps and hydrothermal vent sediments of the Guaymas Basin. Front. Microbiol. 4:219. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00219

Received: 08 April 2013; Accepted: 12 July 2013;
Published online: 02 August 2013.

Edited by:

Peter Dunfield, University of Calgary, Canada

Reviewed by:

Peter Dunfield, University of Calgary, Canada
Takuro Nunoura, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan

Copyright © 2013 Russ, Kartal, op den Camp, Sollai, Le Bruchec, Caprais, Godfroy, Sinninghe Damsté and Jetten. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Huub J. M. op den Camp, Department of Ecological Microbiology, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands e-mail: h.opdencamp@science.ru.nl

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.