Comparison Between 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test and Multistage Field Test on Physiological Responses in Wheelchair Basketball Players

The intermittent nature of wheelchair court sports suggests using a similar protocol to assess repeated shuttles and recovery abilities. This study aimed to compare performances, physiological responses and perceived rating exertion obtained from the continuous multistage field test (MFT) and the 30-15 intermittent field test (30-15_IFT). Eighteen trained wheelchair basketball players (WBP) (WBP: 32.0 ± 5.7 y, IWBF classification: 2.9 ± 1.1 points) performed both incremental field tests in randomized order. Time to exhaustion, maximal rolling velocity (MRV), VO_2peak and the peak values of minute ventilation (V_Epeak), respiratory frequency (RF) and heart rate (HR_peak) were measured throughout both tests; peak and net blood lactate (Δ[Lact⁻] = peak–rest values) and perceived rating exertion (RPE) values at the end of each exercise. No significant difference in VO_2peak, VE_peak, and RF was found between both tests. 30-15_IFT was shorter (12.4 ± 2.4 vs. 14.9 ± 5.1 min, P < 0.05) but induced higher values of MRV and Δ[Lact⁻] compared to MFT (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 11.1 ± 1.9 km·h⁻¹ and 8.3 ± 4.2 vs. 6.9 ± 3.3 mmol·L⁻¹, P < 0.05). However, HR_peak and RPE values were higher during MFT than 30-15_IFT(172.8 ± 14.0 vs. 166.8 ± 13.8 bpm and 15.3 ± 3.8 vs.13.8 ± 3.5, respectively, P < 0.05). The intermittent shuttles intercepted with rest period occurred during the 30-15_IFT could explain a greater anaerobic solicitation. The higher HR and overall RPE values measured at the end of MFT could be explained by its longer duration and a continuous load stress compared to 30-15_IFT. In conclusion, 30-15_IFT has some advantages over MFT for assess in addition physical fitness and technical performance in WBP.

Introduction

Wheelchair basketball (WB) attracts many persons with different physical impairment and has great success at the Paralympic Games since 1960. WB has been described as intermittent aerobic-based sport scattered with short anaerobic bouts (Coutts, 1992; Bloxham et al., 2001). In their game analysis, Sporner et al. (2009) reported that the wheelchair basketball players (WBP) on average traveled 2679 ± 1103 m cut off by 239.8 ± 60.6 stops and starts during a match. Wheeling tasks including sprint, endurance, and slalom were strongly correlated with aerobic fitness in WBP (Hutzler, 1993; Vanlandewijck et al., 1999). WBP presented larger cardiac dimensions, greater power output and peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) values compared to untrained counterparts (Huonker et al., 1998; Schmid et al., 1998). Thus, maximal oxygen uptake was correlated to functional capacity and competition level in WBP (Schmid et al., 1998; De Lira et al., 2010).

Cardiorespiratory adaptation to exercise provided valuable information on training status. VO_2peak is generally assessed in laboratory condition during graded exercise performed on a wheelchair rolling on a motor driven treadmill and on an arm cycle ergometer. However, low correlations are obtained between peak cardiorespiratory values measured while pushing on the wheelchair and those measured with arm cranking on ergometer or in selected wheeling task (Hutzler, 1993; Rotstein et al., 1994). Standardized laboratory protocol tests can also provide higher VO_2peak reached at the end of test compared to field tests (Cunningham et al., 2000; Goosey-Tolfrey and Tolfrey, 2008). However, laboratory conditions did not take into account the natural environment (floor surface, specific wheelchair equipment) and not relate specific skills at the environment and ability to maneuver the wheelchair (Bernardi et al., 2010; Molik et al., 2010; De Groot et al., 2012; Goosey-Tolfrey and Leicht, 2013). Several authors adapted continuous (Vinet et al., 1996; Vanderthommen et al., 2002; Bernardi et al., 2010) and shuttle (Vanlandewijck et al., 1999; Cunningham et al., 2000; Goosey-Tolfrey and Tolfrey, 2008) tests for able-bodied players to assess aerobic fitness and predict the VO_2peak of disabled players. To assess agility, sprint recovery and endurance characteristics of WBP, Yanci et al. (2015) and Gil et al. (2015) also proposed a modified Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (10-m instead of 20-m shuttle run). Yanci et al. (2015) showed a good test— retest reliability (ICC = 0.74–0.94; CV: ranged from 2.6 to 7.2%).

Buchheit (2008) developed for able-bodied athletes the 30-15 Intermittent Field Test (30-15_IFT), which aims to evaluate the maximal aerobic velocity in court sport players and acute responses to high-intensity intermittent shuttle-runs. The main interests of this test is the final speed reached at the end of the test which is well suited for training prescription and the rest time is longer than the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test and more representative of defensive phase of WP (Buchheit and Rabbani, 2014). Nevertheless, wheelchair sports are distinct from those able-bodied due to functional impairment of the disabled and the displacement imposed by wheelchair (Goosey-Tolfrey and Leicht, 2013).

Previously, an incremental multistage field test (MFT) specific for disabled body wheelchair subjects was validated (Vanderthommen et al., 2002). It was observed that a slightly MFT adaptation—as alternating right and left turns vs. single direction—increase VO_2peak and peak minute ventilation (V_Epeak) responses without any significant differences in perceived exertion and maximal rolling velocity (MRV) reached at the end of the test (Weissland et al., 2015). These adjustments have no correspondence with the intermittent nature and the metabolic and cardio-respiratory responses induced by pivots, sprints and dribbles requested in WBP. Moreover, it has been observed, in able-bodied team sport players, that higher peak velocity were reached with a shorter time to exhaustion in intermittent shuttle vs. continuous running tests, with no significant difference in peak values of heart rate (HR_peak) and blood lactate (Carminatti et al., 2013).

Hence, the aim of the study was (i) to assess the aerobic fitness derived from an able-bodied intermittent field test in WBP (Buchheit, 2008) and (ii) to compare with a continuous and validated wheelchair field test. This study aimed to examine the end-test rolling velocity, the physiological responses and perceived exertion obtained from the continuous MFT and with the 30-15 intermittent field test (30-15_IFT).

Methods

Subjects

Eighteen national WBP were recruited and all were engaged in national WB competitions every week, with several training sessions per week. Skinfolds thickness at four sites (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal) was measured using a Harpenden caliper. A summary of their characteristics, pathology and international classification (International Wheelchair Basketball Federation Web site, 2009) is presented in Table 1. For both tests, all players always used their own wheelchair. Before each test, the tire pressure was checked (Sawatzky et al., 2005). All procedures were conducted in accordance with approval of the “Fédération Française Handisport” medical committee, and in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. All participants are fully informed of any risk giving and provided written informed consent.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Individual Wheelchair basketball players' characteristics (gender, age, disability, sum of four skinfolds) according to International Wheelchair Basketball Federation classification (IWBF).

Experimental Design

Testing for this study was conducted during the competitive period, in the middle of the season. Both tests replaced technical and physical training sessions during a week between competitive matches. Training load was reduced on the day preceding each test, which was performed between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Each WBP performed both tests within 48 h in a randomized order, in the same indoor hall: (i) the MFT which is an incremental continuous test (Vanderthommen et al., 2002) and (ii) the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15_IFT) (Buchheit, 2008). Briefly, the MFT included wheeling around an octagon (15 × 15 m) at an initial speed of 6 km·h⁻¹ during 1 min. Then, the speed increased by 0.37 km·h⁻¹ every minute until exhaustion (Vanderthommen et al., 2002). The 30-15_IFT consisted of 40-m shuttle runs during 30-s with 15-s of passive recovery. The initial velocity was set at 6 km·h⁻¹ (instead of 8 km·h⁻¹ in the original protocol) for the first 30-s trial and was increased by 0.5 km·h⁻¹ every 45-s (Buchheit, 2008). During the 15-s recovery period, the subjects rolled in the forward direction to join the closest line (at the middle or at one end of the area, depending on where they stopped) from where they started the next stage. No indication for the propulsion strategy was given for the two tests and WBP freely used their push rate and modality (synchronous and/or asynchronous).

All participants were instructed to complete as many stages as possible. The test ended when the participant could no longer be located within the turning zone (MFT) or consecutively to reach a 2-m zone around each line (30-15_IFT) at beep signal despite verbal encouragement. The time to exhaustion (TTE) was the longer time maintaining to the speed imposed on the last stage during each respective test. MRV was the velocity at the end of test reached at the TTE.

All subjects were advised to keep the same meals between both tests and to refrain from smoking and caffeinated drinks during the 2 h prior to testing.

Physiological and Perceived Responses Measurements

The resting oxygen uptake (VO₂), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), respiratory frequency (RF), and minute ventilation (V_E) were measured breath-by-breath at rest and throughout both tests using Cosmed K4b² or Metamax 3B portable spirometric systems. To reduce the duration of the test time and the turnover subjects, two portable measurement systems were used. A previous study showed a satisfactory comparison between the two measuring devices with able-bodied cyclists (Leprêtre et al., 2012). Participants always used the same analyzer for both tests to repeat the mistake device. The turbines flow meters (with a 3-L syringe) and analysers were calibrated before each test, according to the constructor instruction manuals using a two-point calibration (calibration gas O₂ = 16% and CO₂ = 5% against room air). Then we used the software of each device to automatically eliminate ectopic values and average the data every 5 s. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded beat-to-beat (Polar RS800, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) and averaged every 5 s.

Small capillary blood samples (0.5 μL) were collected from finger to assess basal lactate concentration. A sample of lactate at rest was taken upon arrival of the player and before warm-up, immediately after the test and 3 min after during the passive recovery period. Net blood lactate values (Δ[Lact⁻]) were calculated by the difference between the peak [Lact⁻] values and rest values. All blood samples were analyzed using a portable lactate analyzer (Lactate Pro, Arkray, Japan) calibrated before each test using a standard strip of provided by the manufacturer (Pyne et al., 2000).

Immediately after the end of both tests, participants individually rated their overall perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg's 6–20 scale (Borg, 1990).

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive data are presented as mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD). Normality and homogeneity of the distribution were verified via Shapiro Wilks and Levene tests, respectively. Student's t-test was used to compare the resting and peak values measured during MFT and 30-15_IFT. The determination of the Pearson correlation coefficients (R) were used to examine the relationship between TTE, MRV, VO2peak, and condition test. Absolute effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals of the differences (95% CI) were computed. An ES of 0.2 refers to a small effect, 0.5 a moderate effect, and 0.8 a large effect according to Cohen (Cohen, 1992). Agreements were sought by the Bland and Altman' method (Bland and Altman, 1986) between the peak values of VO₂ and V_E between the both tests. In all statistical analyses, the (alpha) level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Peak values of cardiorespiratory responses and performance measured during MFT and 30-15_IFT are shown in Table 2. Higher MRV values (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 11.1 ± 1.9 km·h⁻¹, P < 0.05, ES = 0.6) and shorter TTE (12.4 ± 2.4 vs. 14.9 ± 5.1 min, P < 0.05, ES = 0.3) were observed during 30-15_IFT compared to MFT. HR_peakand RPE values were significantly lower during 30-15_IFT compared to MFT (166.8 ± 13.8 vs. 172.8 ± 14.0 bpm, ES = 0.4, and 13.8 ± 3.5 vs. 15.3 ± 3.8, ES = 0.5, P < 0.05, respectively). 30-15_IFT induced a higher Δ[Lact⁻] values compared to MFT (8.3 ± 4.2 vs. 6.9 ± 3.3 mmol·L⁻¹, P < 0.05, ES = 0.4) without any significant difference between rest (P = 0.88) and peak [Lact⁻] values (9.8 ± 4.4 mmol·L⁻¹ vs. 8.5 ± 3.1, P = 0.2, ES = 0.3). No significant difference was found for VO_2peak, V_Epeak, and RF peak values between both tests.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Peak values and 95% confidence interval (CI) measured during the MFT and the 30-15_IFT, Mean ± SD.

A significant relationship for MRV (r = 0.57, P < 0.05) TTE (r = 0.64, P < 0.05), and VO2peak (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) was found between MFT and 30-15_IFT(Figure 1). The Bland–Altman plots showed that, for VO_2peak and V_Epeak measurements, the bias ± random error was acceptable with an acceptable agreement between both tests (−0.27 ± 6.81 ml.min.kg⁻¹; Figure 2A and 2.6 ± 34.8 L.min⁻¹; Figure 2B, respectively). Differences between MFT and 30-15_IFT HR_peak and Δ[Lact⁻] per WBP were reported in Figure 3. Individual responses have reflected significant changes measured in HR (Figure 4) and Δ[Lact⁻] for 30-15_IFT.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Correlation between VO_2peak reached during MFT and 30-15_IFT tests (r = 0.54, r² = 0.71, P < 0.01).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Analysis of the individual difference by Bland-Altman method between MFT and 30-15_IFT test and (A) peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) and (B) peak ventilation (V_Epeak).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Individual wheelchair basketball players difference in peak heart rate and blood lactate values between continuous multistage field test (MFT) and 30-15 intermittent field test (30-15_IFT) (n = 18). (A) Difference HR (bpm) and (B) Difference Δ[Lact⁻], respectively represented the difference in peak values of heart rate (bpm) and Δ blood lactate (peak-rest values [La⁻] mmol·L⁻¹). A circle plots indicated a difference between MFT and 30-15_IFT values in favor of MFT; a square worth the 30-15_IFT.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Example data illustrating heart responses during 30-15_IFT and MFT for participant 12 (three point, IWBF classification).

Discussion

The aim of this study was to compare a modified able-bodied field intermittent test with a validated standardized wheelchair-users field test. The observed performances at 30-15_IFT were better with higher MRV associated with a shorter time to exhaustion (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference for peak oxygen uptake and ventilation values was noted between both tests (Table 2).

MFT is a validated field test to estimate VO_2peak for disabled body wheelchair subjects in indoor conditions (Vanderthommen et al., 2002). No significant difference was found for VO_2peak between MFT and 30-15_IFT and a significant relationship for VO_2peak were found between the both tests (r = 0.84, P < 0.01) (Figure 1). We used Bland-Altman plots to graphically display the variability of VO_2peak and V_Epeak variables (Figure 2). In each case, the systematic bias is close to zero and the 95% limits of agreements are acceptable. Thus, we can conclude that the 30-15_IFT is comparable to VO_2peak and V_Epeak encountered during the end of the test. Nevertheless, it would be necessary in the future to investigate the reliability and validity of the 30-15_IFT with a standardized test on a wheelchair ergometer in the laboratory. However, the only valid option to confirm whether a “true” VO_2max has been reached during both tests is currently in a verification phase (VER) (Leicht et al., 2013), absent in our protocol.

TTE to reach VO_2peak is shorter during 30-15_IFT than MFT (12.4 ± 2.4 vs. 14.9 ± 5.1 min, P < 0.05, ES = 0.3) and a significant correlation between both TTE tests was found (r = 0.64, P < 0.05). To reach VO_2max, Buchfuhrer et al. (1983) recommended a time span of 10 ± 2 min for an incremental ramp protocol. This widely cited recommendation is applied for incremental protocols with able-bodied participants but also for upper body exercises and disabled subjects. With 16 untrained able-bodied men, Smith et al. (2006) observed, during an incremental arm crank ergometry, the effects of two ramp rates (12W·min⁻¹ vs. 6W·min⁻¹) on the attainment of peak physiological responses and power output (Smith et al., 2006). In this study, TTE was shorter for the 12W·min⁻¹ protocol (within the range of 8–12 min) whereas, for the 6W·min⁻¹ protocol, TTE extends to 15 ± 4 min. However, no significant difference was found for VO₂, V_E, and HR_peak between both protocols. In wheelchair athletes, Vinet et al. (1997) adjusted the velocity increment from a progressive treadmill test to be within the limits defined by Buchfuhrer et al. (8:50 ± 1:24 min). The Modified Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (10 m shuttle run) provides higher TTE (16.96 ± 1.14 min), as reported by Yanci et al. (2015) in WBP. Considering the recommendations of time span (between 8 and 12 min) and given the absence of differences in the peak physiological responses, IFT₃₀₋₁₅ would be more appropriate than MFT for the trained participants, due to the shorter TTE required for reaching VO_2peak.

The difference in HR_peak measured at the end during both tests (166.8 ± 13.8 vs. 172.8 ± 14.0 bpm for 30-15_IFT and MFT, respectively, ES = 0.4, P < 0.05) can be explained by the intermittent nature of the 30-15_IFT, which is based on the use of 15-s passive rest periods between each stage. HR responses represented as an example in Figure 4 for the 12 WBP clearly show the difference in HR evolution between the two tests. 30-15_IFT therefore allows a discontinuous load stress for WBP. 30-15_IFT does not elicit maximal HR and the maximal capabilities of the cardiovascular system while some other criteria for the attainment of a maximal exercise (like VO₂ plateau, RER > 1.1, lactate concentration accumulates > 8 mmol.L⁻¹) were achieved. A peripheral limitation may explain the submaximal values for HR_peak. Vanlandewijck et al. (1999) has supported that shuttle test is not a direct measure of aerobic capacity but rather reflects ability and specific skills using the wheelchair. Indeed, Goosey-Tolfrey and Tolfrey (2008) showed that cardiorespiratory responses during a continuous shuttle multi-stage fitness test did not fully reflect those obtained during an exercise on arm crank ergometer. With WBP population, Yanci et al. (2015) reported greater HR_peak values (+4.7%) with a longest time (+36%) with Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test than the 30-15_IFT. One other explanation can be the disruption of the autonomic control of the HR in three subjects with high spinal cord lesion, which would control the cardiovascular function during exercise and rest (West et al., 2014).

Peak RPE measured during MFT are consistent with the level of cardio-respiratory solicitations but RPE should be used cautiously for spinal cord injury athletes and differentiated for high and low lesion (Goosey-Tolfrey et al., 2010). Test duration and monotony of continuous displacement in MFT could increase the overall rate of perceived exertion during MFT in comparison with 30-15_IFT (15.3 ± 3.8 vs. 13.8 ± 3.5 ES = 0.5, P < 0.05). Turning in the same direction during MFT could induce premature tiredness and muscle fatigue in the upper limb of the external curve. This could be in relation to the great push power output and high arm frequency and the centrifugal force exerted on the wheelchair in the curve. With novice wheelchair users, Paulson et al. (2013) showed self-regulation of intermittent exercises based on the overall or peripheral perceptions. Dissociating muscular and respiratory RPE in order to analyze match load is a feasible method of quantification in monitoring the training of WBP (Iturricastillo et al., 2015). In our study, overall RPE did not provide information of the muscular load perceived by the succession of starts and changes of direction in the 30-15_IFT's protocol. An evaluation of peripheral RPE would certainly have given additional information between the two tests.

Higher MRV values were reached in a shorter time during 30-15_IFT compared to MFT (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 11.1 ± 1.9 km·h⁻¹, P < 0.05, ES = 0.6). 30-15_IFT adaptation by initially starting at 6 km·h⁻¹ allowed to extend the standard protocol of 3-min, in order to have the same initial velocity between MFT and 30-15_IFT. Despite this modification, 30-15_IFT induces shorter TTE. It is explained by the difference in less than 15-s and in addition to 0.13 km·h⁻¹ per stage in detriment to MFT between the both tests. Also for these reasons, MRV attained higher values at 30-15_IFTthat MFT for similar VO_2peak.

Higher 30-15_IFT's MRV could explain the higher peak blood lactate values. Smith et al. (2006) measured higher peak [Lact⁻] for 12 W·min⁻¹ ramp protocol and had argued that the higher workload increment than 6 W·min⁻¹ was linked with higher lactactes concentration. In this study, the workload during the graded exercise has an impact on the muscular component. Thus, compared with continuous octagonal line rolling in MFT, 30-15_IFT with direction changes and multiple acceleration phases could present a greater physiological load, as supported by relative blood lactate concentration and the extra energy expended. Δ[Lact⁻] 30-15_IFT values compared to MFT were higher (8.3 ± 4.2 vs. 6.9 ± 3.3 mmol·L⁻¹, P < 0.05, ES = 0.4). The significant increase of velocity per 0.5 km·h⁻¹ at IFT after rest period, added to direction changes, deceleration and acceleration phase generate significant muscular efforts and greater anaerobic solicitation. However, Yanci et al. (2015) reported, for the modified Yo-Yo protocol, lower peak [Lact⁻] values than our data (7.21 ± 2.4 mmol·L⁻¹ vs. 9.8 ± 4.4 mmol·L⁻¹). Intermittent field tests correspond to the nature of the court sport in WB. Comparing Yo-Yo and 30-15_IFT with young soccer players, Buchheit and Rabbani (2014) have noted a large correlation (r = 0.75) between both tests, with 30-15_IFT being more related to maximal sprinting speed and Yo-Yo being more associated with aerobic endurance. Bloxham et al. (2001) showed with the Canadian team that 28% of the WB playtime was spent at high anaerobic intensities and estimated 20% above the ventilatory threshold. But, 48.3% of playtime concerns recovery and low-speed replacement periods. Considering these aspects, 30-15_IFT could be closer to the WB conditions than the Yo-Yo intermittent test. Intermittent field testing would also have the advantage in determining the BLa threshold rather than ventilatory data collection (Leicht et al., 2014) with the sample blood lactate at each level.

Using able-bodied field tests to assess the physical condition of athletes with disabilities remains difficult and even imperfect (Goosey-Tolfrey and Leicht, 2013). First, pushing for inducing wheelchair rolling is not comparable to running. The amount of energy required for the inertia of the wheelchair are different, especially to start, to turn or to glide at half turn. Secondly, the initial rolling velocity is often inappropriate and the increment may be too important. In these conditions, shuttle protocols need a great technique or ability to maneuver the wheelchair and could limit the wheelchair novices and players with a low classification point (IWBF) that have more significant disabilities than the others. Shuttle tests could be more disadvantageous for athletes with greater disabilities than MFT in which the participants determine their preferred direction of rotation (Vanlandewijck et al., 1999). Functional asymmetry with a dominant side and contralateral side deficit in strength, imbalance had low impact for the physiological responses and MRV that are related between both tests (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). Heterogeneity of pathologies and residual functional capabilities represented in our study provide individual responses as shown in Figure 3.

Maneuvering a wheelchair during acceleration-deceleration phases, slide and half turns requires specific skills, considering individual muscular impairments and trunk imbalance. A moderate to high level of expertise of these techniques is essential for not stopping prematurely in 30-15_IFT. It would be useful to compare our results during 30-15_IFT with other untrained or novice wheelchair users in order to determine if 30-15_IFT is also adaptable to various populations like MFT. Sprinting ability and wheelchair maneuverability are probably important predictors of performance in WBP (Vanlandewijck et al., 1999; Granados et al., 2015; Yanci et al., 2015). Thus, the 30-15_IFT has the advantage to assess, in addition to physical fitness, the technical performance to maintain wheeling velocity with succession of alternating turns. MFT was originally developed to assess aerobic fitness of the wheelchair users without a GTX laboratory protocol. MFT is validated and the VO_2peak extrapolation equation from MFT-score is reliable, repeatable and similar to VO_2peak measured (Vanderthommen et al., 2002; Weissland et al., 2015). However, MFT protocol is not representative of the WB nature while intermittent field tests are more similar but would need assessment to determine their level of reliability, validity and sensitivity.

As a take home message, the MFT test is more appropriate for the determination of maximal physiological capacities of WBP and the associated MRV can be used for the individualization of pre-season training programs. However, with a shorter time to exhaustion, 30-15_IFT is also really interesting and relevant for the evaluation of the WBP. This intermittent field test allows reaching VO_2peak with a higher contribution of the anaerobic metabolism, while also assessing and taking into account the specific technical characteristics of WB. The important differences for peak HR, [Lact⁻] and MRV values between both tests emphasize the importance of an adequate and relevant test selection, according to the parameter of interest.

Conclusion

The 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test induced a higher MRV with a greater blood lactate value but lower heart rate and perceived exertion compared to the original continuous MFT. Moreover, time of exhaustion is shorter for 30-15_IFT with similar peak oxygen uptake reached at the end of both test. Intermittent field test has some advantages over MFT for jointly assessing physical fitness and technical ability of WBP. It would be necessary in the future to investigate the reliability and validity from a standardized test on wheelchair ergometer in the laboratory.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors also thank the athletes and their coaches for their participation to this study. We warmly thank ≪ Fédération Française Handisport ≫ collaborating for this study. The authors wish to thank Clare Doyle for his participation.

References

Bernardi, M., Guerra, E., Di Giacinto, B., Di Cesare, A., Castellano, V., and Bhambhani, Y. (2010). Field evaluation of paralympic athletes in selected sports: implications for training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42, 1200–1208. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c67d82

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bland, J. M., and Altman, D. G. (1986). Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1, 307–310.

PubMed Abstract

Bloxham, L. A., Bell, G. J., Bhambhani, Y., and Steadward, R. D. (2001). Time motion analysis and physiological profile of canadian world cup wheelchair basketball players. Sports Med. Train. Rehabil. 10, 183–198. doi: 10.1080/1057831021039

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Borg, G. (1990). Psychophysical scaling with applications in physical work and the perception of exertion. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 16, 55–58.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Buchfuhrer, M. J., Hansen, J. E., Robinson, T. E., Sue, D. Y., Wasserman, K., and Whipp, B. J. (1983). Optimizing the exercise protocol for cardiopulmonary assessment. J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 55, 1558–1564.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Buchheit, M. (2008). The 30-15 intermittent fitness test: accuracy for individualizing interval training of young intermittent sport players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22, 365–374. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181635b2e

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Buchheit, M., and Rabbani, A. (2014). The 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test versus the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1: relationship and sensitivity to training. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 9, 522–524. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2012-0335

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Carminatti, L. J., Possamai, C. A. P., de Moraes, M., da Silva, J. F., de Luacs, R. D., Dittrich, N., et al. (2013). Intermittent versus continuous incremental field tests: Are maximal variables interchangeable. J. Sports Sci. Med. 12, 165–170.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155–159.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Coutts, K. D. (1992). Dynamics of wheelchair basketball. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24, 231–234.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Cunningham, T. K., McCann, G. P., Nimmo, M. A., and Hillis, W. S. (2000). A comparison of the multistage fitness test with ergometer derived peak VO2 in paraplegic athletes. Br. J. Sports Med. 34, 148–152.

De Groot, S., Balvers, I., Kouwenhoven, S., and Janssen, T. (2012). Validity and reliability of tests determining performance-related components of wheelchair basketball. J. Sports Sci. 30, 879–887. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.675082

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

De Lira, C. A., Vancini, R. L., Minozzo, F. C., Sousa, B. S., Dubas, J. P., Andrade, M. S., et al. (2010). Relationship between aerobic and anaerobic parameters and functional classification in wheelchair basketball players. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport 20, 638–643. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00934.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gil, S. M., Yanci, J., Otero, M., Olasagasti, J., Badiola, A., Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I., et al. (2015). The functional classification and field test performance in wheelchair basketball players. J. Hum. Kinet. 46, 219–230. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0050

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Goosey-Tolfrey, V., Lenton, J., Goddard, V., Oldfield, V., Tolfrey, K., and Eston, R. (2010). Regulating intensity using perceived exertion in spinal cord–injured participants. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42, 608–613. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b72cbc

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., and Leicht, C. A. (2013). Field-based physiological testing of wheelchair athletes. Sports Med. 43, 77–91. doi: 10.1007/s40279-012-0009-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., and Tolfrey, K. (2008). The multi-stage fitness test as a predictor of endurance fitness in wheelchair athletes. J. Sports Sci. 26, 511–517. doi: 10.1080/02640410701624531

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Granados, C., Yanci, J., Badiola, A., Iturricastillo, A., Otero, M., Olasagasti, J., et al. (2015). Anthropometry and performance in wheelchair basketball. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29, 1812–1820. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000817

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Huonker, M., Schmid, A., Sorichter, S., Schmidt-Trucksäb, A., Mrosek, P., and Keul, J. (1998). Cardiovascular differences between sedentary and wheelchair-trained subjects with paraplegia. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30, 609–613.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Hutzler, Y. (1993). Physical performance of elite wheelchair basketball players in armcranking ergometry and in selected wheeling tasks. Paraplegia 31, 255–261.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

International Wheelchair Basketball Federation Web site (2009). International Wheelchair Basketball Federation Web site [Internet] IWBF Player Classification for Wheelchair Basketball. Available online at: http://www.iwbf.org (Accessed Dec 28, 2014).

Iturricastillo, A., Yanci, J., Granados, C., and Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2015). Quantifying wheelchair basketball match load:a comparison of heart rate and perceived exertion methods. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0257. [Epub ahead of print].

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leicht, C. A., Griggs, K. E., Lavin, J., Tolfrey, K., and Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L. (2014). Blood lactate and ventilatory thresholds in wheelchair athletes with tetraplegia and paraplegia. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 114, 1635–1643. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2886-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leicht, C. A., Tolfrey, K., Lenton, J. P., Bishop, N. C., and Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L. (2013). The verification phase and reliability of physiological parameters in peak testing of elite wheelchair athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 113, 337–345. doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2441-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leprêtre, P. M., Weissland, T., Paton, C., Jeanne, M., Delanaud, S., and Ahmaidi, S. (2012). Comparison of 2 portable respiratory gas analysers. Int. J. Sports Med. 33, 728–733. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1301316

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Molik, B., Kosmol, A., Laskin, J.-J., Morgulec-Adamowicz, N., Skucas, K., Dabrowska, A., et al. (2010). Wheelchair basketball skill tests: differences between athletes functional classification level and disability type. Fizyo. Rehabil. 21, 11–19.

Google Scholar

Paulson, T. A., Bishop, N. C., Eston, R. G., and Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L. (2013). Differentiated perceived exertion and self-regulated wheelchair exercise. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 94, 2269–2276. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.03.018

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pyne, D. B., Boston, T., Martin, D. T., and Logan, A. (2000). Evaluation of the lactate pro blood lactate analyser. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 82, 112–116. doi: 10.1007/s004210050659

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rotstein, A., Sagiv, M., Ben-Sira, D., Werber, G., Hutzler, J., and Annenburg, H. (1994). Aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold of wheelchair basketball players. Paraplegia 32, 196–201.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Sawatzky, B. J., Miller, W. C., and Denison, I. (2005). Measuring energy expenditure using heart rate to assess the effects of wheelchair tyre pressure. Clin. Rehabil. 19, 182–187. doi: 10.1191/0269215505cr823oa

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schmid, A., Huonker, M., Stober, P., Barturen, J.-M., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., Dürr, H., et al. (1998). Physical performance and cardiovascular and metabolic adaptation of elite female wheelchair basketball players in wheelchair ergometry and in competition. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 77, 527–533.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Smith, P. M., Amaral, I., Doherty, M., Price, M. J., and Jones, A. (2006). The influence of ramp rate on VO_2peak and “excess” VO₂ during arm crank ergometry. Int. J. Sports. Med. 27, 610–616. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-865857

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sporner, M. L., Grindle, G. G., Kelleher, A., Teodorski, E. E., Cooper, R. and Cooper, R. A. (2009). Quantification of activity during wheelchair basketball and rugby at the national veterans wheelchair games: a pilot study. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 33, 210–217. doi: 10.1080/03093640903051816

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vanderthommen, M., Francaux, M., Colinet, C., Lehance, C., Lhermerout, C., Crielaard, J. M., et al. (2002). A multistage field test of wheelchair users for evaluation of fitness and prediction of peak oxygen consumption. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 39, 685–692.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Vanlandewijck, Y. C., Daly, D. J., and Theisen, D. M. (1999). Field test evaluation of aerobic, anaerobic, and wheelchair basketball skill performances. Int. J. Sports Med. 20, 548–554. doi: 10.1055/s-1999-9465

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vinet, A., Bernard, P.-L., Poulain, M., Varray, A., Le Gallais, D., and Micallef, J. P. (1996). Validation of an incremental field test for the direct assessment of peak oxygen uptake in wheelchair-dependent athletes. Spinal Cord 34, 228–293.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Vinet, A., Le Gallais, D., Bernard, P. L., Poulain, M., Varray, A., Mercier, J., et al. (1997). Aerobic metabolism and cardioventilatory responses in paraplegic athletes during an incremental wheelchair exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 76, 455–461.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Weissland, T., Faupin, A., Borel, B., Berthoin, S., and Leprêtre, P. M. (2015). Effects of modified multistage field test on performance and physiological responses in wheelchair basketball players. BioMed. Res. Int. 2015:245378. doi: 10.1155/2015/245378

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

West, C. R., Wong, S. C., and Krassioukov, A. V. (2014). Autonomic cardiovascular control in paralympic athletes with spinal cord injury. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 46, 60–68. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829e46f3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yanci, J., Granados, C., Otero, M., Badiola, A., Olasagasti, J., Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I., et al. (2015). Sprint, agility, strength and endurance capacity in wheelchair basketball players. Biol. Sport 32, 71–78. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1127285

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar