@ARTICLE{10.3389/fcimb.2013.00105, AUTHOR={Demehri, Farokh and Barrett, Meredith and Ralls, Matthew and Miyasaka, Eiichi and Feng, Yongjia and Teitelbaum, Daniel}, TITLE={Intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and loss of barrier function in the setting of altered microbiota with enteral nutrient deprivation}, JOURNAL={Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, VOLUME={3}, YEAR={2013}, URL={https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00105}, DOI={10.3389/fcimb.2013.00105}, ISSN={2235-2988}, ABSTRACT={Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), a commonly used treatment for patients who cannot receive enteral nutrition, is associated with significant septic complications due in part to a loss of epithelial barrier function (EBF). While the underlying mechanisms of TPN-related epithelial changes are poorly understood, a mouse model of TPN-dependence has helped identify several contributing factors. Enteral deprivation leads to a shift in intestinal microbiota to predominantly Gram-negative Proteobacteria. This is associated with an increase in expression of proinflammatory cytokines within the mucosa, including interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. A concomitant loss of epithelial growth factors leads to a decrease in epithelial cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. The resulting loss of epithelial tight junction proteins contributes to EBF dysfunction. These mechanisms identify potential strategies of protecting against TPN-related complications, such as modification of luminal bacteria, blockade of proinflammatory cytokines, or growth factor replacement.} }