@ARTICLE{10.3389/fimmu.2012.00287, AUTHOR={Pradeu, Thomas and Cooper, Edwin}, TITLE={The danger theory: 20 years later}, JOURNAL={Frontiers in Immunology}, VOLUME={3}, YEAR={2012}, URL={https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00287}, DOI={10.3389/fimmu.2012.00287}, ISSN={1664-3224}, ABSTRACT={The self–non-self theory has dominated immunology since the 1950s. In the 1990s, Matzinger and her colleagues suggested a new, competing theory, called the “danger theory.” This theory has provoked mixed acclaim: enthusiasm and criticism. Here we assess the danger theory vis-à-vis recent experimental data on innate immunity, transplantation, cancers and tolerance to foreign entities, and try to elucidate more clearly whether danger is well defined.} }