Skip to main content

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Microbiol., 25 July 2017
Sec. Antimicrobials, Resistance and Chemotherapy
This article is part of the Research Topic New Frontiers in the Search of Antimicrobials Agents From Natural Products, Volume II View all 67 articles

Isolation and Characterization of “Terrein” an Antimicrobial and Antitumor Compound from Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus terreus (JAS-2) Associated from Achyranthus aspera Varanasi, India

  • 1Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  • 2Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  • 3Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  • 4Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, India

The present study aimed at characterizing biological potentials of endophyte Aspergillus terreus JAS-2 isolated from Achyranthus aspera. Crude extracted from endophytic fungus JAS-2 was purified and chemically characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic studies respectively. Spectral assignment of NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) data, 1H proton and 13C carbon analysis along with FTIR data elucidated the structure of compound as 4,5-Dihydroxy-3-(1-propenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one. After purification and identification a set of experiment was conducted to explore efficacy of compound. Results revealed that on accessing the antifungal activity of compound, growth diameter of tested phytopathogenic fungi was reduced to 50% at higher concentration taken (10 μgμl−1). Compound exhibited in-vitro bacterial cell inhibition at 20 μgml−1 concentration along with moderate antioxidant behavior. Evaluation of anticancer activity against human lung cancer cell line (A-549) exhibited its IC50 value to be 121.9 ± 4.821 μgml−1. Further cell cycle phase distribution were analyzed on the basis of DNA content and evaluated by FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) and it was revealed that at 150 μgml−1 of compound maximum cells were found in sub G1 phase which represents apoptotic dead cells. Terrein (4, 5-Dihydroxy-3-(1-propenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one) a multi-potential was isolated from endophytic fungus JAS-2, from well recognized medicinal herb A. aspera. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report of “Terrein” from endophytic derived fungus. This compound had also exhibited anticancer and antifungal activity against human lung cancer cell line A-549 and Bipolaris sorokiniana respectively which is causal organism of many plants disease. Hence endophytes are serving as alternative sources of drug molecules.

Introduction

Endophytic microbial are reputed entities for their rich metabolic factories. They colonize inter and intracellular spaces of tissues of higher plants without causing apparent damage to the plants in which they live. Till now, numerous researches have been conducted on structure and functions of endophytic bioactive natural products (Schulz et al., 2002; Molina et al., 2012). Previous studies indicated them as potent herbicides, insecticides (Hu et al., 2008), antimicrobials (Zhang et al., 2013; Goutam et al., 2016a), and antimalarial compounds (Zaher et al., 2015). However, there are several chronic disorders like cancer, diabetes, and infectious diseases for which cure/treatment need to be enhanced (Costello et al., 2012). Hence, investigation on endophytic fungi for bioactive compounds is important for finding cure for several disease/disorders.

Despite the substantial work on endophytes, much of microbial diversity of nature remains to be explored; it was declared that ~61% of natural drugs are used in the areas of infectious diseases and cancer (Newman and Cragg, 2007).

Terrein a secondary metabolite was first described from fungal strain by Raistrick and Smith (1935). It was reported for various metabolite strength such as hypopigmentary effect (Park et al., 2004) and anticancer properties. And the role of Terrein in contributing to the medicinal value of fungal products has already been documented in literatures. Herein we have demonstrated identification and characterization of bioactive compound Terrein isolated from endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus JAS-2 associated with medicinal plant Achyranthus aspera. The compound characterized and confirmed as 4, 5- Dihydroxy-3- (1-propenyl) -2-cyclopenten-1-one (Terrein) Terrein had shown good anticancer and antifungal activities. Furthermore, moderate antibacterial and antioxidant properties are also reported.

Materials and Methods

Endophytic Strain Aspergillus terreus (JAS-2)

The culture was obtained from medicinal plant A. aspera (Prickly chaff flower). It was identified as A. terreus on the basis of its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics (Goutam et al., 2016b). Culture was maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 4°C and sub cultured every 15 days. The culture was grown in sabouraud's dextrose broth (SDB) and sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) for various activities.

Column Chromatography (CC) (SiO2) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Column chromatography (SiO2) was performed in a glass column (700 ×30 mm). Silica gel (100–120 mess size Merck) was used as stationary phase. Mobile phase consist of pure solvent or different solvents depending upon requirements. Column was loaded with crude extract from A. terreus (JAS-2). Mobile phase consist of methanol and chloroform in 5:95, 10:90, ratio was used for separating compound and gradient elution was followed. Different fractions eluted from column chromatography (CC) were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and assessed for antibacterial activity.

Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

TLC was performed on 60F254 silica gel, pre-coated on aluminum plates (Merck). Eluted solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure on IKA Rotary Evaporator at temperature <50°C. From each fraction 10 μgμl−1 of compound was spotted with fine capillary tubes, using Methanol and chloroform (10:90) as mobile phase and the spots were identified in UV Chamber.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Extensive spectroscopic data (1H and 13CNMR) were recorded on JEOL AL300 FT-NMR Spectrometer at 300 and 75 MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts given in ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane TMS (δ = 0.0 ppm) as internal reference; J-values in Hz. Solvents were D2O and DMSO-d6.

FTIR (Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy)

Infrared spectra recorded as Nujol mulls in KBr plates. IR spectral data was recorded on FTIR-8201 PC Shimadzu spectrometer.

GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy)

GC-MS analysis was carried out in GCMS QP 2010 plus shimadzu ultra-gas chromatograph coupled with a series mass selective detector. Pressure was kept 90.4 kpa. The column temperature was 100°C initially with a hold of 3 min, then programmed to 280°C at a rate of 5°C/min for 5 min and programmed to 320°C for 19 min at the rate of 10 min/s. Helium was used as the carrier gas and the column head pressure was maintained at 13.3 psi. Injector temperature was maintained at 260°C, and the injection volume was 1.21 ml min−1 in the split mode. And interface temperature was held at 270°C. Mass spectra were scanned from m/z 40 to 550 with a scan speed of 3,333. Initial identification of crude complex and purified compound was done by comparison of compound with the National institute of standard and Technology (NIST) database.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) (IC50 Value) against Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Enterococcus faecalis

The MIC of purified compound against pathogens was determined by MTT method with minor modification (Jorgensen and Ferraro, 2009). Compound was dissolved in DMSO maintaining a stock concentration of 1 μgμl−1. The compounds from 2 to 20 μgμl−1 concentrations were taken along with 5 μl overnight bacterium inoculums (log phase) and dispensed into individual vial. Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) was added to maintain the concentration from 2 μgml−1 to 20 μgml−1. Subsequently the vial sets were incubated overnight at 37 ± 2°C. On next day 60 μl of 5 mgml−1 MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) (Sigma, USA) dissolved in PBS was dispense in each well to examine the microbial growth. All vials were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 5 min and absorbance was measured at 570 nm using Spectrophotometer. The procedure was repeated thrice to check the reproducibility. The lowest concentration of test compound at which no growth was seen considered as MIC. The absorbance for each well was calculated as: Ab (570 nm) of the sample–Ab (570 nm) of the control; Where the control contains only the culture medium and test compound solvent. The results were expressed in μgml−1.

Calculation of % Cell Viability

OD of Bacterial Growth (C)-OD of Bacterial growth with test sample×100OD of Bacterial growth (c) Control =%  Cell viability    (1)

In vitro Antifungal Test by Linear Mycelia Growth Reduction Assay

Pure compound separated from CC was used for antifungal test against pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Phytopthora drechsleri, and Aspergillus flavus. The assay was performed using pour plate method according to Ranware et al. (2010).

Briefly, four different concentration of compound was prepared with DMSO (100, 200, 500, and 1,000 mgml−1). One milliliter of each concentration of compound was mixed to 99 ml of pre-sterilized potato dextrose agar media (50°C). On the following day equal size of fungal plug of all pathogenic were inoculated in plate having stock concentration ranges from 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 μgμl−1. Inoculations of all the four fungal isolates were done separately. Media with only plain DMSO was used as negative growth control. The plates were observed for 5–10 days for reduction in fungal growth by measuring the radius of growth in both control and test plate. All the concentrations were tested in triplicates for all the pathogens to ensure the reproducibility of the results.

Fungal growth (C)-Fungal growth of treatment×100Fungal growth (c) Control =% Reduction in fungal growth    (2)

In-vitro Antioxidant Activity by DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) Scavenging Activity of Compound (IC50)

In vitro antioxidant activity of compound was performed using standard methodology of Marwah et al. (2007). Different concentration of compound was prepared from 10 to 100 μg in methanol. All tests were carried out in triplicates. The percentage of free radical scavenging activity of compound was calculated as % I = [(A blank − A sample)/A blank] ×100 Where A blank = Absorbance of control, A sample = Absorbance of methanolic extract and DPPH, IC50 was calculated by plotting straight line equation.

Assessment of Anticancer Activity of Crude and Isolated Compound 1

Lung Cancer Cell Line

Lung cancer cell line (A-549) was obtained from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. The cells were maintained in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin, streptomycin and incubated in 5% CO2 condition at 37°C. The cells were harvested when they reached 80–90% confluence and plated for subsequent experiments.

Cell Viability and Proliferation Assay

The crude extract and purified compound were screened for cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity by MTT assay (Mossman, 1983). Stock solutions of compounds were prepared in DMSO (50 μgμl−1) and further diluted in complete DMEM (DMEM with 10% FBS). A-549 cells (1 × 104 cells/well) were seeded in 96-well plate and 4 replica wells were used for controls as well as treated groups. After 24 h of incubation, culture medium was replaced by fresh medium containing various concentrations of extracts (10–300 μgml−1) and incubated for 24 h with 5% CO2. After incubation, MTT assay was performed as reported earlier (Paul et al., 2014).

Fifty percentage inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of both extracts were calculated as the percentage of treated cells relative to control cells. The percent of the cell viability was calculated using the equation: (2)

(Mean O.D. of treated cells/mean O.D. of control cells) X 100

Analysis of Nuclear Morphology with Hoechst and Propidium Iodide (PI) Staining after Drug Exposure

Chromatin condensation and fragmentation of the nucleus can be seen with fluorescence microscopy after staining with DNA binding fluorescence dyes.

Staining Procedure

A-549 cells were seeded in six-well plates and treated with different concentrations including IC50 value of both extracts for 24 h in CO2 incubator. Subsequently, cells were washed with PBS and stained with Hoechst (10 μgml−1) and Propidium Iodide (10 μgml−1). After staining, cells were washed with PBS and imaged by inverted fluorescent microscope (EVOS FL Cell Imaging System, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in phase contrast, blue and red channels.

Cell Cycle Analysis by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

Apoptosis is characterized by DNA fragmentation and consequently loss of nuclear DNA content of the cells. The DNA content during cell cycle steps was evaluated by flow cytometry with PI (Riccardi and Nicoletti, 2006).

Treatment and Sample Preparation

A-549 cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were treated with three different concentrations (near to its IC50 value) of crude and pure compound Terrein for 24 h in complete DMEM. After 24 h, cells were stained with PI and analyzed by FACS (BD Biosciences) as described previously (Singh et al., 2016).

Results

Isolation and Purification of Compound 1

Column Chromatography (CC) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

The crude isolated from JAS-2 was directly chromatographed using silica gel column eluted with a CHCl3/MeOH gradient (Figure 1A). Total of 25 fractions of 20 ml were collected carrying retention time of 5 ml min−1. All fraction collected was subjected to TLC analysis (Figure 1B) and single spot was observed. The retention time was at 0.58 (Figure 1B). The fraction exhibited antibacterial activity against S aureus and A hydrophila (Figure 1C).

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1. (A) Separation of pure compound from silica gel column chromatography (CC), (B) thin layer chromatography (TLC) and its (C) assessment for antibacterial activity.

One Dimensional NMR (Proton and Carbon NMR) and IR of Compound

The compound characterization was carried out using proton and carbon NMR. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) A triplet integrated to three protons at δ 1.92 evidenced the presence of a methyl group. Appearance of two broad singlets' at δ 4.63 and 4.06 integrated to one proton each showed the presence of two hydroxyl hydrogen's. Two multiplet at δ 5.90 and 6.36; integration of two proton each; showed the presence of two alkenic and two methylene protons at C1 carbon (adjacent to carbonyl group). A multiplet of 2 protons appeared at δ 6.76 which corresponds to the two–CH proton present at the hydroxyl group carbon. All above details of proton environment can be collectively analyzed by Figure 2A. 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO): δ 167.1, 138.2, 124.0, 123.3, 79.8, 78.7, 75.8, 17.8 ppm (Figure 2B) IR (KBr) νmax: 3,397; 2,915, 2,857, 1,694 (C = O), 1,332, 1,118 cm−1 (Figure 2C). Compound 1 was characterized as 4, 5-Dihydroxy-3-(1-propenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one, trade name of compound is Terrein. (Figure 2D).

FIGURE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 2. (A) Proton 1H NMR of pure compound separated via CC and TLC in Figure 1. (B) 13C NMR of pure compound separated via CC and TLC in Figure 1. (C) FTIR of pure compound Terrein separated via CC and TLC in Figure 1. (D) Structure of characterized compound Terrein (Figure 1).

GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy)

Crude extracted from PDB and pure compound from column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were subjected to GCMS analysis. Based on MS library of NIST and WILEY, single peak was detected from pure compound (Figure S1A) whereas multiple peaks were detected from crude extracted (Figure S1B). All major peaks resolved through GCMS and presented in the chromatogram (Figures S1A,B).

Total 14 peaks were observed from the chromatogram of crude extract. Tables 4, 5 shows number of peaks, retention time, area (%), and matching factor of compound present. In Table 5 only one compound was showing 100% identity with Terrein, whereas in Table 5 compound showing only 91.85% identity as other compounds present in crude extract.

Estimation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Compound

Here compound purified from extract were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Potential of compound as antibacterial was assessed by less formazan production (Figure 3A). Based on IC50 and MIC determination, compound exhibited IC50 of about 20 μgml−1 against E. faecalis, and greater than 20 μgml−1 against S. aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila, as compound showed only 38.3% and 48% inhibition against A. hydrophila and S. aureus respectively (Figure 3B and Table 1). In antifungal activity, 10 μgμl−1 concentration of compound showed inhibition of B. sorokiniana (57.14%), A. flavus (52.5%), and A. alternata (91.25%) were observed as compared to control (Figures 4A,B and Table 2). No growth was observed in P. drechsleri at 1 μgμl−1. In addition to antifungal, Terrein had shown antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging effect (Figure 5A). Compound exhibited moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 value 112 μgml−1 (Figure 5B).

FIGURE 3
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 3. (A) Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Terrein via MTT assay. (B) Graphical presentation of IC-50 values of Terrein.

TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Table 1. Representation of IC50 value of Terrein against bacterial pathogens S. aureus, A. hydrophila, and E. Faecalis.

FIGURE 4
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 4. (A) Antifungal activity of Terrein against different plant fungal plant pathogens via linear reduction mycelia assay. (B) Graphical presentation of pathogenic fungal inhibition test (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) via Terrein.

TABLE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Table 2. Reduction of fungal pathogens growth at 10 μgμl−1 treated with Terrein.

FIGURE 5
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 5. (A) Scavenging activity via DPPH assay of Terrein. (B) Linear regression curve of Terrein showing concentration verses absorbance in (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH assay.

Effect of Extracts on Viability and Proliferation of Cells

The pure compound and crude extract were tested for cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity against lung cancer line (A-549). The crude of JAS-2 and pure compound exhibited significant toxicity and antiproliferation activity against A-549 cells. The IC50 values of pure and crude complexes are 170.99 ± 4.24 and 121.91 ± 4.82 μgml−1 respectively (Table 3) (Figure 6).

TABLE 3
www.frontiersin.org

Table 3. Representation of IC50 value ± SD of compound against A-549 human lung cancer cell line (n = 4).

FIGURE 6
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 6. Cell viability and Antiproliferative profile of A-549 Lung cancer cells after treatment with different concentration of crude metabolites and Terrein for 24 h by MTT assay. The IC50 values of both extracts were determined on the basis of 50% O.D. as comparison to control.

Analysis of Cell/Nucleus Morphology with Hoechst 33342/Propidium Iodide (PI) Staining

Chromatin condensation and fragmentation of nucleus was observed. The cells were stained and visualized by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy. As the compound concentration increases, the nucleus condensation also increased (Figure 7). Consistent level of blue fluorescence nuclei were seen in control cells. Further, apoptotic cells in 3rd lane of figure was clearly visualized due to induction of cell death and cell membrane disruption. At very lower concentration (125 μgml−1) of compound apoptotic cells with deep blue fluorescent nuclei was seen, which are indicated with yellow arrow. However, at higher concentrations (200 μgml−1) late apoptotic cells with fragmented nuclei (indicated with blue arrow) and necrotic cells with red fluorescent nuclei (indicated with red arrow) were clearly observed (Figure 7). Increasing the frequency of fragmented nucleus in a dose dependent manner indicated that, compound favors apoptotic mode of cell death. 4 and 5th lane of Figure 7 shows Hoechst/PI and all overlays respectively.

FIGURE 7
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 7. Representative grouped images showing morphological changes in nuclei of lung cancer (A-549) cells detected with dual staining of Hoechst 33342/PI. Cells were treated with different concentrations of pure compound for 24 h and imaged by inverted fluorescence microscope. Early apoptotic cells with yellow arrows, late apoptotic cells with fragmented nuclei indicated with blue arrows and necrotic cells with red fluorescent nuclei indicated with red arrows.

Effect of Pure Extract on Distribution of Cell Cycle Phases by FACS

The ability of Terrein (pure extract) to induce cell death or persuaded cell cycle delay, FACS was done with PI staining. The cells were not arrested in any phase of cell cycle which indicates no cell cycle delay appeared due to extracts (either pure or crude) exposure (Figure 8A). However, maximum changes occurred in sub-G1 (apoptotic cell death) phases of all treated groups. In crude extract treated groups apoptotic cell death were significantly increased from control (2%) to higher concentration (29%) (150 μgml−1, crude extract) (Figure 8A). Whereas, the cells which were treated with Terrein (pure) extract, showing 16% (in lower concentration, 50 μgml−1) to 69% (in higher concentration 150 μgml−1). Histogram indicates (Figure 8B) that pure/isolated Terrein extract was potentially induces apoptosis in A-549 lung cancer cells.

FIGURE 8
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 8. (A) Flow cytometry analysis of A-549 lung cancer cells of control and treated with crude and pure/isolated Terrein extract and cell cycle distributions (delay/arrest) were checked on the basis of DNA content during cell cycle phases. (B) Graphical presentation showing percent (%) of cells in different cell cycle phases. Histogram indicates that isolated Terrein and other extract were potentially induces apoptosis in A-549 lung cancer cells.

Discussions

This study deals with isolation and characterization of compounds endowed with multiple potentials extracted from endophytic fungus associated with Achyranthus aspera. Goutam et al. (2016b) the pure compound was identified as 4, 5-Dihydroxy-3-(1-propenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one and the trade name of this compound is Terrein. To the best of our knowledge this is first report which has shown isolation of Terrein from fungus A. terreus which is endophytic in nature. The compound has been isolated from various strains of fungi such as Microspora (Grove, 1954) Pencillium Phoma (Dunn et al., 1975) and reported to have anticancer activity against different cell lines. Secondly innumerable work has been carried out toward identification and characterization of biological active compounds from endophytic fungi which could serve as basic template in combinatorial chemistry. Mousa and Raizada (2013) reviewed diverse class of secondary metabolites with their antimicrobial perspective. Among endophytic metabolites, Taxol is a multibillionaire antineoplastic drug which has been studied extensively. Endophytes isolated from medicinal plants possess strong fungicidal, bactericidal, and cytotoxic metabolites (Wang et al., 2007). Recently Gressler et al. (2015) reported that compound Terrein has suppressed the growth of pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus fumigatus. Terrein also exhibited anti-oxidant activity as it has scavenged 50% DPPH at 112 μgml−1. The antioxidant property can be correlated with earlier reports as melanogenesis inhibitor (Park et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2007). It was also found that Terrein inhibits age-related inflammation by promoting an antioxidant response in aged human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells (Lee et al., 2015).

The compound has been tested against different types of cancer cell lines such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer (Liao et al., 2012), human cervical cancer (Porameesanaporn et al., 2013) skin cancer, and prostate cancer (Arakawa et al., 2008). Among the different types of cancer identified globally, lung cancer is found to be the most prevalent type (12.7% of 1.61 million) (Ferlay et al., 2008). This persuaded us to study anticancer property of Terrein against human lung cancer cell line. This is the first study to Terrein the compound against lung cancer.

Pure compound had shown lower toxicity (higher IC50 value) than crude extract against A-549 cells (Figure 6 and Table 1). This could be due to the presence of compound other than Terrein which simultaneously aids in anticancer activity (Figure 6) (Tables 4, 5). In past 40 years, natural products played significant role as cancer chemotherapeutic agents, either in their unmodified (natural form) or synthetic forms (Kinghorn, 2008). Among plant derived products, many antitumor compounds have been reported from medicinal plants such as, bisindole (vinca) alkaloids, the camptothecins, the epipodophyllotoxins, and the taxanes (Berger and Benjamin, 2004). Among biological diverse organism endophytes produces a number of significant compound. Among which most of them are having extreme clinical use. Hence it is important to explore the unexplored flora to identify newer molecules.

TABLE 4
www.frontiersin.org

Table 4. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis of pure fraction separated from CC (Terrein).

TABLE 5
www.frontiersin.org

Table 5. Profile of chemical compounds from GCMS analysis of crude metabolites of selected strain (JAS-2).

Author Contributions

JG was the principle investigator who designed the study, purified the compound isolated from endophytic fungi JAS-2 and characterized for antibacterial, antifungal antioxidant activity. AM and VT characterized the compound. GS and BK accessed the anticancer activity of compound. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. RK provided reagent material and analytical tools. VR helped in finalizing the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The reviewer BS declared a shared affiliation, though no other collaboration, with the authors JG, GS, VT, AM, RK and BK to the handling editor, who ensured that the process nevertheless met the standards of a fair and objective review.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by university grant commission (UGC-RGNF). Authors are thankful to Ajay Kumar AIRF, JNU for GCMS analysis and Gopal Nath, Institute of Medical Science (IMS) for providing bacterial pathogens. Authors are also thankful to R Chand Institute of Agriculture (IAS) for proving fungal pathogens. Gunjan Sharma and Biplob Koch acknowledge to Interdisciplinary School of Life Sciences (ISLS), Institute of Science, BHU for providing FACS facility.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01334/full#supplementary-material

Figure S1. GCMS chromatogram showing profile of (A) pure compound (Terrein) and (B) crude extract of JAS-2.

References

Arakawa, M., Someno, T., Kawada, M., and Ikeda, D. (2008). A new terrein glucoside, a novel inhibitor of angiogenin secretion in tumor angiogenesis. J Antibiot. 61, 442–448. doi: 10.1038/ja.2008.60

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Berger, G., and Benjamin, L. E. (2004). Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 401–410. doi: 10.1038/nrc1093

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Costello, E. K., Stagaman, K., Dethlefsen, L., Bohaman, B. J. M., and Relman, D. A. (2012). The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome. Science 336, 1255–1262. doi: 10.1126/science.1224203

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dunn, A. W., Ian, D. E., and Johnstone, A. W. (1975). Terrein and other metabolites of Phoma species Phytochemistry 14, 2081–2082. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(75)83131-1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ferlay, J., Shim, H. R., Bray, F., and Forman, D. (2008). Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008. Globacan 2008. Int. J. Cancer 127, 2893–2917. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25516

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Goutam, J., Kharwar, R. N., Tiwari, V. K., Mishra, A. M., and Singh, S. (2016a). Isolation and identification of antibacterial compound from endophytic fungus Emericella qaudrilineata. Nat. Prod. Chem. Res. 4:205. doi: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000205

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Goutam, J., Singh, S., Kharwar, R. N., and Ramraj, V. (2016b). In-vitro potential of endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus (JAS-2) associated with Achyranthus aspera and study on its culture conditions. Biol. Med. 8:349. doi: 10.4172/0974-8369.1000349

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gressler, M., Meyer, F., Heine, D., Hortschansky, P., Hertweck, C., and Brock, M. (2015). Elife 14:4. doi: 10.7554/eLife.07861

CrossRef Full Text

Grove, J. F. (1954). The structure of Terrein. J. Chem. Soc. 4693–4994.

Google Scholar

Hu, M. Y., Zhong, G. H., Sun, Z. T., Luo, J. J., Gao, Y., and Weng, Q. F. (2008). Insecticidal metabolites produced by Penicillium spp., an endophytic fungus in Derris elliptica Benth. Allelopathy J. 21:349.

Google Scholar

Jorgensen, J. H., and Ferraro, M. J. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Med. Microb. 49, 1749–1755. doi: 10.1086/647952

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kim, D. S., Cho, H. J., Lee, H. K., Lee, W. H., Park, E. S., and Youn, S. W. (2007). Terrein, a fungal metabolite, inhibits the epidermal proliferation of skin equivalents. J. Dermatol. Sci. 46, 65–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.11.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kinghorn, A. D. (2008). “Drug discovery from natural products,” in Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 6th Edn., eds T. L. Lemke and D. A. Williams (Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Williams & Wilkins), 12–25.

Google Scholar

Lee, H. Y., Jung, J. E., Kim, J. S., Lee, H. N., and Yi, K. H. (2015). Terrein reduces age-related inflammation induced by oxidative stress through Nrf2/ERK1/2/HO-1 signalling in aged HDF cells. Cell. Biochem. Funct. 33, 479–486. doi: 10.1002/cbf.3145

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liao, W. Y., Shen, C. N., Lin, L. H., Yang, Y. L., and Han, H. Y. (2012). Asperjinone, a nor-neolignan, and terrein, a suppressor of ABCG2-expressing breast cancer cells, from thermophilic Aspergillus terreus. J. Nat. Prod. 75, 630–635. doi: 10.1021/np200866z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Marwah, R. G., Fatope, M. O., Mahrooqi, R. A., Varma, B. G., Abai, H. A., and Al-Burtmani, S. A. S. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of some edible and wound healing plants in Oman. Food Chem. 101, 465–470. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Molina, G., Pimentel, M. R., Bertucci, T. C. P., and Pastore, G. M. (2012). Application of fungal endophytes in biotechnological processes. Chem. Eng. Trans. 27, 289–294. doi: 10.3303/CET1227049

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mossman, T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 65, 55–63. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mousa, W. K., and Raizada, M. N. (2013). The diversity of anti-microbial secondary metabolites produced by fungal endophytes: an interdisciplinary perspective. Front. Microbiol. 4:65. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00065

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Newman, D. J., and Cragg, G. M. (2007). Natural products as sources of new drug over the last 25 years. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 461–467. doi: 10.1021/np068054v

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Park, S. H., Kim, D. S., Kim, W. G., Ryoo, I. J., Lee, D. H., Huh, C. H., et al. (2004). Terrein: a new melanogenesis inhibitor and its mechanism. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61, 2878–2885. doi: 10.1007/s00018-004-4341-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Paul, A., Gupta, R. K., Dubey, M., Sharma, G., Koch, B., Hundal, G., et al. (2014). Potential apoptosis inducing agents based on a new benzimidazole Schiff base ligand and its dicopper(II) complex. RSC. Adv. 4, 41228–41236. doi: 10.1039/C4RA08680E

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Porameesanaporn, Y., Tanechpongtamb, U. W., Jarintanan, F., and Jongrungruanchok Wongsatayanon, T. B. (2013). Terrein induces apoptosis in HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells through p53 and ERK regulation. Oncol. Rep. 29, 1600–1608. doi: 10.3892/or.2013.2288

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Raistrick, H., and Smith, G. (1935). Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms: the metabolic products of Aspergillus terreus Thom. A new mould metabolic product-terrein. Biochem. J. 29, 606–611. doi: 10.1042/bj0290606

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ranware, A., Singh, V., and Nimbkar, N. (2010). In vitro antifungal study of the efficacy of some plant extracts for inhibition of Alternaria carthami fungus. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1, 384–386

Google Scholar

Riccardi, C., and Nicoletti, I. (2006). Analysis of apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Nat Protoc. 1, 1458–1461. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2006.238

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schulz, B., Boyle, C., Draeger, S., Rommert, A. K., and Krohn, K. (2002). Endophytic fungi: a source of novel biologically active secondary metabolites. Mycol. Res. 106, 996–1004. doi: 10.1017/s0953756202006342

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Singh, R. P., Sharma, G., Sonali, S S., Patne, S. C., Pandey, B. L., Koch, B., et al. (2016). Effects of transferrin conjugated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in lung cancer delivery. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater Biol. Appl. 67, 313–325. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.013

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, F. W., Jiao, R. H., Cheng, A. B. S., Tan, S. H., and Song, Y. C. (2007). Antimicrobial potentials of endophytic fungi residing in Quercus variabilis and brefeldin A obtained from Cladosporium sp. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 79–83. doi: 10.1007/s11274-006-9195-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zaher, A. M., Makboul, M. A., Moharram, A. M., Tekwani, B. L., and Calderón, A. I. (2015). A new enniatin antibiotic from the endophyte Fusarium tricinctum Corda. J. Antibiot. 68, 197–200. doi: 10.1038/ja.2014.129

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, H., Xiong, Y., Zhao, H., Yi, Y., Zhang, C., Yu, C., et al. (2013). An antimicrobial compound from the endophytic fungus Phoma sp. isolated from the medicinal plant Taraxacum mongolicum. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 44, 178–181. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2012.11.013

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: environmental mycology, chromatography, anticancer activity, Terrein, lung cell line (A-549), anti-bacterial agents, antifungal activity

Citation: Goutam J, Sharma G, Tiwari VK, Mishra A, Kharwar RN, Ramaraj V and Koch B (2017) Isolation and Characterization of “Terrein” an Antimicrobial and Antitumor Compound from Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus terreus (JAS-2) Associated from Achyranthus aspera Varanasi, India. Front. Microbiol. 8:1334. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01334

Received: 28 December 2016; Accepted: 30 June 2017;
Published: 25 July 2017.

Edited by:

Luis Cláudio Nascimento da Silva, Universidade Ceuma, Brazil

Reviewed by:

Vijay Chandra Verma, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), India
Santi M. Mandal, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
Birinchi Kumar Sarma, Banaras Hindu University, India
Osmar Nascimento Silva, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Brazil

Copyright © 2017 Goutam, Sharma, Tiwari, Mishra, Kharwar, Ramaraj and Koch. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Jyoti Goutam, jyoti23biotech@gmail.com
Biplob Koch, kochbiplob@gmail.com

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.