%A Washington,Stuart D. %A Tillinghast,John S. %D 2015 %J Frontiers in Neuroscience %C %F %G English %K Acoustic Uncertainty,hemispheric specialization,Speech Perception,music perception,Echolocation,bats,animal communication,Heisenberg-Gabor Limit %Q %R 10.3389/fnins.2015.00143 %W %L %M %P %7 %8 2015-April-27 %9 Hypothesis and Theory %+ Stuart D. Washington,Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center,Washington, DC, USA,sdw4@georgetown.edu %+ Stuart D. Washington,Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center,Washington, DC, USA,sdw4@georgetown.edu %+ Stuart D. Washington,Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center,Washington, DC, USA,sdw4@georgetown.edu %# %! Temporal and Spectral Processing in Bats and Humans %* %< %T Conjugating time and frequency: hemispheric specialization, acoustic uncertainty, and the mustached bat %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2015.00143 %V 9 %0 JOURNAL ARTICLE %@ 1662-453X %X A prominent hypothesis of hemispheric specialization for human speech and music states that the left and right auditory cortices (ACs) are respectively specialized for precise calculation of two canonically-conjugate variables: time and frequency. This spectral-temporal asymmetry does not account for sex, brain-volume, or handedness, and is in opposition to closed-system hypotheses that restrict this asymmetry to humans. Mustached bats have smaller brains, but greater ethological pressures to develop such a spectral-temporal asymmetry, than humans. Using the Heisenberg-Gabor Limit (i.e., the mathematical basis of the spectral-temporal asymmetry) to frame mustached bat literature, we show that recent findings in bat AC (1) support the notion that hemispheric specialization for speech and music is based on hemispheric differences in temporal and spectral resolution, (2) discredit closed-system, handedness, and brain-volume theories, (3) underscore the importance of sex differences, and (4) provide new avenues for phonological research.