Commentary: Rotating structures in low temperature magnetized plasmas - insight from particle simulations
Sergey Abolmasov- TF TE Ioffe R&D Center, Ioffe Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
A commentary on:
Rotating structures in low temperature magnetized plasmas – insight from particle simulations
by Boeuf, J. P. (2014). Front. Phys. 2:74. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2014.00074
In a recent paper [1], Boeuf has addressed the question of electron transport in low temperature E × B discharge devices using PIC MCC simulations. Using a general approach, it has been demonstrated that particle simulations can be an extremely powerful tool to unravel some of the mysteries of electron transport in these devices. Even through the aim of the paper was not to provide a complete review of instabilities and anomalous transport in low-temperature E × B discharge devices but rather to address these questions on a few specific examples, one of the examples—electron vortices at low pressure—deserves some comments. This is because of a lack of connection in [1] between PIC MCC simulation results and a large volume of experimental data on the subject. In particular, discussion on the results of Abolmasov et al. [2] (cited as Ref. [18] in Boeuf's paper) that describe different type of instability/oscillations as shown below is misleading.
Kaganskii et al. [3] were perhaps the first who noticed that Penning discharges in argon at low pressures can exhibit two types of oscillations. In the majority of cases, the oscillations are incoherent, radio-frequency, with a broad spectrum of frequencies present at the same time. The frequency of these oscillations is gas pressure independent and scales with the electric and magnetic field in the same manner as the frequency of diocotron instabilities (ν ∝ E/B) [4]. It appears that electron vortices revealed by 2D PIC MCC simulations in low pressure cylindrical magnetrons [1] have very similar features. The vortex dynamics is usually chaotic (see Figure 4 in Boeuf [1]), which explains irregularity in the observed current curves (Figure 5 in Boeuf [1]). However, there are certain conditions under which the Penning discharge in argon acts as a source of intense, coherent, almost sinusoidal oscillations in the range of 1–100 kHz [3]. Similar coherent, low-frequency oscillations have been observed in inverted magnetrons [5] and in an anode layer ion source (ALIS) [2]. In contrast to the rf oscillations, the frequency of these oscillations is gas pressure dependent and scales with pressure and magnetic field in the same manner as the classical cross-field electron mobility (μe⊥ ∝ p/B2) [4]. Despite these differences, both types of oscillations result in the production of excess-energy electrons that move along the magnetic field to the electrodes at the cathode potential. It is interesting therefore to pose the question of whether the mechanism of the two types of oscillations is the same.
Diocotron instabilities are inherent to low-density, pure electron plasmas with “shear” in the flow velocity. A classic example of diocotron instability is a low current, low energy, annular electron beam radially confined in a uniform axial magnetic field [6], which is geometrically similar to an anode sheath in E × B discharges. A striking feature of this experiment is that the diocotron instability distorts the beam as it propagates axially. In this particular case, by using an axial length of z = 7 cm, the beam has broken up into a discrete set of vortex filaments. The more intense and energetic is the beam, the longer the distance for the instability onset [7]. Consequently, the axial length of E × B discharge devices might be an important parameter for the formation of diocotron instabilities/vortex structures in the electron sheath. In the paper of Boeuf [1], the 2D simulation domain was perpendicular to the external magnetic field and the 3rd dimension was taken into account in a simplified way assuming that the length of the plasma column is much larger than its radius (= 2 cm). Obviously in this case there is no limitation for the formation of vortex structures. It should be emphasized however that the ratio of the anode/cathode length L to its radius R is indeed an important parameter of E × B discharge devices such as Penning cell and cylindrical/inverted magnetron since it affects the potential distribution inside the device [8]. Interestingly, in the work on vortex structures [9], Kervalishvili has used an inverted magnetron with the cathode length and radius of 7 cm and 3.2 cm, respectively (L/R = 2.19). However, in his earlier work on anode sheath instability [5], in which coherent, low frequency oscillations were observed, an inverted magnetron had L = 5 cm and R = 4 cm, resulting in L/R = 1.25. On the other hand, the dimensions of discharge channel in ALIS in Abolmasov et al. [2] did not exceed 1 cm, making the electron vortex scenario of coherent oscillations in this case unlikely. Therefore, to explain such oscillations a 1D theory has been proposed [2]. The theory states that coherent, low frequency oscillations in E × B discharge devices are not caused by diocotron instability but are the result of periodic travel of the electron sheath through the discharge gap. Note that this type of oscillations only appears when the electron density in the sheath reaches a critical value n0 [5], which is typically ≥1011 cm−3. However, 1D PIC MCC simulations in Boeuf [1] did not reproduce such oscillations. A possible explanation to this could be the electron density limit of PIC MCC simulations ~1010 cm−3. In the future along with the development of massively parallel PIC MCC simulation tools it would also be of interest to implement transparent conductive oxide electrode(s) in E × B discharge devices and use streak/gated cameras (see, e.g., Anders et al. [10]) to further clarify the electron sheath dynamics and benchmark theoretical models.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. Boeuf JP. Rotating structures in low temperature magnetized plasmas – insight from particle simulations. Front Phys. (2014) 2:74. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2014.00074
2. Abolmasov SN, Samukawa S, Bizyukov AA. Theory of instabilities in crossed-field discharges at low pressures. Phys Plasmas (2007) 14:093501. doi: 10.1063/1.2768022
3. Kaganskii MG, Kaminskii DL, Klyucharev AN. Coherent oscillations in a high-voltage Penning discharge. Sov Phys Tech Phys. (1964) 9:815–20.
4. Abolmasov SN. Physics and engineering of crossed-field discharge devices. Plasma Sources Sci Technol. (2012) 21:035006. doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/21/3/035006
5. Barkhudarov EM, Kervalishvili NA, Kortkhondzhiya VP. Anode sheath instability and high-energy electrons in a low-pressure discharge in a transverse magnetic field. Sov Phys Tech Phys. (1973) 17:1526–9.
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8. Babertsyan RP, Badalyan ES, Egiazaryan GA, Ter-Gevorkyan EI. Mechanism for the influence of the geometric parameters on the electrical characteristics of Penning ion sources. Sov Phys Tech Phys. (1998) 43:1035–8. doi: 10.1134/1.1259126
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Keywords: crossed-field discharges, particle simulations, instabilities, low pressure, electron vortices
Citation: Abolmasov S (2015) Commentary: Rotating structures in low temperature magnetized plasmas - insight from particle simulations. Front. Phys. 3:42. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2015.00042
Received: 17 April 2015; Accepted: 28 May 2015;
Published: 09 June 2015.
Edited by:
Yevgeny Raitses, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, USAReviewed by:
Igor D. Kaganovich, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, USAFrancesco Taccogna, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
Copyright © 2015 Abolmasov. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sergey Abolmasov, s.abolmasov@hevelsolar.com