Jingling Yu1†
Haiman Ge1†Xiaokun Wang1
Renjie Tang2Yuan Wang1Fugeng Zhao1
Wenzhi Lan1*
Sheng Luan1,2*
Lei Yang1*- 1State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU–NFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- 2Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Abscisic acid (ABA) has been known participate in a wider range of adaptive responses to diverse environmental abiotic stresses such as drought, osmosis, and low temperatures. ABA signaling is initiated by its receptors PYR/PYL/RCARs, a type of soluble proteins with a conserved START domain which can bind ABA and trigger the downstream pathway. Previously, we discovered that poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome encodes 14 PYR/PYL/RCAR orthologs (PtPYRLs), and two of them, PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 have been functionally characterized to positively regulate drought tolerance. However, the physiological function of these ABA receptors in poplar remains uncharacterized. Here, we generated transgenic poplar plants overexpressing PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 and found that they exhibited more vigorous growth and produced greater biomass when exposed to drought stress. The improved drought tolerance was positively correlated with the key physiological responses dictated by the ABA signaling pathway, including increase in stomatal closure and decrease in leaf water loss. Further analyses revealed that overexpression lines showed improved capacity in scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhanced the activation of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. Moreover, overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 significantly increased the poplar resistance to osmotic and cold stresses. In summary, our results suggest that constitutive expression of PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 significantly enhances the resistance to drought, osmotic and cold stresses by positively regulating ABA signaling in poplar.
Introduction
Plants, as sessile organisms, have evolved sophisticated developmental and physiological strategies to adapt to the unfavorable and changing environments such as drought, high salinity, and temperature fluctuations. Drought has particularly been considered as one of the most serious natural hazards for agriculture due to the increasing water scarcity (Liu et al., 2015). Numerous studies showed that drought stress exerts many negative effects on plant growth, photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, and ecosystem carbon cycling (Liu et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2015). Desiccation results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the production of which, in turn, serves as an important indicator to multiple abiotic stresses (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Contreras-Porcia et al., 2011). Normally, ROS are rapidly scavenged as a result of the activation of an efficient antioxidant system involved in various drought-induced signaling pathways, which are modulated by abscisic acid (ABA) (Jiang and Zhang, 2002; Contreras-Porcia et al., 2011).
The physiological functions of ABA has been extensively investigated in plants since it was identified in the 1960s as an endogenous plant hormone which regulates many essential processes, including seed germination, stomatal movement, plant development and adaptive responses, to multiple environmental stresses, such as drought, extreme temperatures, hyperosmolarity, and salinity (Finkelstein et al., 2002; Park et al., 2009). Many key components in ABA signaling pathway have been identified at the molecular level (Finkelstein et al., 2002), including ABA receptors (Shen et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2007; Pandey et al., 2009), the group A type 2 C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) that negatively regulate ABA signaling at an early step in the pathway (Allen et al., 1999), the SnRK2 kinases that are positive regulators (Mustilli et al., 2002; Yoshida et al., 2002; Fujii et al., 2007), transcription factors (Seki et al., 2002; Himmelbach et al., 2003) and ion channels (Lee et al., 2009).
As the initial sensor of ABA signaling pathway, 14 genes designated as Pyr1 and Pyl1-Pyl13 (for PYR1-Like) have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome and encode proteins belonging to members of the cyclase subfamily of the START/Bet v I superfamily, which share a conserved hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket (Ma et al., 2009; Park et al., 2009). In presence of ABA, these proteins perceive ABA, then undergo conformation changes, and subsequently bind to clade A subfamily of PP2Cs, thus de-repressing the inactivation of the downstream SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) kinases. The PYR/PYL/RCAR-PP2C-SnRK2 signaling module is conserved across land plants.
Genetic evidence suggested that higher-order mutants lacking multiple ABA receptors in Arabidopsis (Pyr1;Pyl1;Pyl2;Pyl4;Pyl5;Pyl8) exhibit severe ABA insensitive phenotypes, establishing their critical physiological roles in ABA signaling (Gonzalez-Guzman et al., 2012). PYL5 over-expression in Arabidopsis led to a globally enhanced response to ABA and enhanced drought resistance (Santiago et al., 2009). Constitutive overexpression of PYL8/RCAR3 confers ABA hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis seeds (Saavedra et al., 2010). Overexpression of NtPYL4 in tobacco hairy roots resulted in a reprogramming of the cellular metabolism that is represented by a decreased alkaloid accumulation and conferred ABA sensitivity to the production of alkaloids (Lackman et al., 2011).
Tree species in the genus Populus spp., commonly known as poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods, are widespread in the northern hemisphere with nutrient-poor environments, and are increasingly important for bioenergy, wood products, and environmental services (Doty et al., 2016). Most of the poplar cultivation and distribution area are in the desolate lands on the earth where it is usually cold and dry in winter, causing the restriction of poplar forestry. Therefore, it is very critical to improve the resistance of poplars to abiotic stresses, including drought-resistance and cold-resistance. We have previously shown that PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 (poplar AtPYR1-like 1 and 5) physically interacted with PP2Cs, which interacted with SnRK2 kinase, suggesting they might act as the ABA receptors in mediating ABA signal transduction through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (Yu et al., 2016). Furthermore, overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 in Arabidopsis enhanced ABA sensitivity and drought-resistance. However, it is still unknown if they also play a similar function in poplars which protect against drought stress. Here, we report that the overexpression of PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 in poplar enhances resistance to drought, osmosis, and cold, the abiotic stresses that poplar frequently encounters. Our results also provide a potential biotechnological tool in engineering stress-resistant poplar cultivars.
Materials and Methods
Plant Materials and Growth Conditions
The sterile wild-type and transgenic hybrid poplar (Populus davidiana × Populus bolleana) were amplified by micropropagation with leaf bud explants and kept under a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod (120 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) at 21–24°C. The plantlets were sub-cultured onto fresh 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg⋅L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1% (w/v) agar. Two-week-old wild type (WT) or transgenic hybrid poplars with new roots were transferred to 7.5 cm-width pots containing nutrient soil. The plants were grown in greenhouse under a 16-h-light/8-h-dark (120 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) at 21–24°C.
Poplar Transformation
To construct the pCAMBIA1301S2-PtPYRL1 (or PtPYRL5) plasmid, the entire coding region of PtPYRL1 (or PtPYRL5) was amplified by PCR with Xba I-Sal I (or BamH I-Sal I) linker primers and cloned into modified pCAMBIA1301S2 with the 2×CaMV 35S promoter via the Xba I-Sal I (or BamH I-Sal I) site (Supplementary Figure S1). The hybrid poplars (Populus davidiana × Populus bolleana) were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (EHA105 strain) infection method. Briefly, leave explants excised from 1- to 2-month-old were inoculated in the EHA105 culture resuspended with liquid MS for 10 min and then were plated on solid MS medium containing 0.4 mg⋅L-1 6-BA, 0.1 mg⋅L-1 NAA and 0.01 mg⋅L-1 TDZ. After 2 days of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, the explants were transferred onto fresh MS medium containing 400 mg⋅L-1 timentin, and 10 mg⋅L-1 hygromycin for selective regeneration. When regenerated shoots reached 1 cm tall, they were excised and placed on rooting medium. Then, the rooted seedlings were transferred into soil and grown in the greenhouse. The presence of transgene was verified by PCR from genomic DNA, using primers specific for P35S and PtPYRL1-RT-R or PtPYRL5-RT-R.
Histochemical GUS Analysis
Detection of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was performed as described by Jefferson et al. (1987) with some modifications: leaf explants were incubated in GUS assay buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, 0.1% [v/v] Triton X-100, 0.5 mM ferricyanide, 0.5 mM ferrocyanide, and 2 mM 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide) for 12 h at 37°C. Then the plant tissues were decolorized in 75% ethanol for three times. The samples were photographed after treatment.
Quantitative Real-time PCR Analysis
Total RNA was extracted from various samples using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States), which was sequentially treated with DNase I (Invitrogen) and reverse transcribed by M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega). In semi-quantitative RT-PCR and qRT-PCR assays, the poplar elongation factor gene EF1β was used as an internal reference. qRT-PCR was performed with a CFX Connect Real-Time System (Bio-Rad). The relative expression of series indicated genes was calculated based on the comparative threshold cycle method using EF1β as a control and normalized to the WT hybrid poplars (under normal conditions). All primers used in this study were listed in Supplementary Table S1.
Drought–Rehydration Experiments
Two-week-old WT or transgenic poplars were transplanted to each 7.5 cm-width pot containing 50 g nutrient soil for greenhouse cultivation. We chose the 2-month-old WT or transgenic poplar seedlings with the same height to perform the drought and rehydration experiments. As the control, half of WT and transgenic poplar seedlings were normally watered, and the rest of these seedlings were not watered. After 1 week, the plantlets were watered again. After 3 days, the re-watered plants were photographed.
Water Potential Determination
Leaf water potential was measured on the same location of the blade with a WP4-T Dew point PotentiaMeter (Decagon Devices, Inc., United States). Five individual plants from WT or different transgenic poplars were measured after drought treatment for 5 days.
Measurement of Contents of H2O2, MDA, and Proline
H2O2 in fresh leaves was analyzed using the method reported by Hu et al. (2012). The absorbance was recorded at 390 nm with the spectrophotometer (Biomate 3S, Thermo). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was quantified using the method reported by Heath and Packer (1968), which is related with the level of lipid peroxidation in the leaves. The absorbance was read at 532 and 600 nm by the spectrophotometer (Biomate 3S, Thermo) with thiobarbituric acid (1%) in 20% trichloroacetic acid as control. The Proline content in leaves was quantified using the method by Bates et al. (1973). The absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically (Biomate 3S, Thermo) at 520 nm and toluene was used as blank.
Extraction and Assay of Antioxidant Enzymes
Fresh leaves (0.5 g/sample) were homogenized in presence of 100 mM Tris-HCl (5.0 ml, pH 7.5), 3.0 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 1.0 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and 1.5% polyvinylpyrrolidone-40. The mixture was better supplemented with serine and cysteine proteinase inhibitors [1.0 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) + 1.0 μg⋅mL-1 aprotinin]. The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 15 min (4°C) after the filtration through cheese cloth. The supernatants were collected and served as the crude enzyme for determination of SOD (EC1.15.1.1), CAT (EC1.11.1.6), and POD (EC 1.11.1.7) activities. For the determination of APX activity, leaf sample was separately grounded in a homogenizing medium supplemented with 2.0 mM ascorbic acid (AsA) to maintain the enzyme stability. SOD activity was analyzed after the photoreduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) according to the method of Giannopolitis and Ries (1977). The absorbance was recorded spectrophotometrically (Biomate 3S, Thermo) at 560 nm. One unit of SOD is the quantity of protein that hampers 50% photoreduction of NBT and the activity was expressed as enzyme unit (EU)⋅mg-1 protein. The method of Chance and Maehly (1955) was employed to analyze CAT activity. The absorbance was read at 240 nm through a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Biomate 3S, Thermo) and EU⋅mg-1 protein represented the CAT activity. The method of Nakano and Asada (1981) was used for the APX activity (EC1.11.1.11) measurement. The absorbance was recorded at 290 nm each 30 s for 3 min spectrophotometrically (Biomate 3S, Thermo). The POD activity was determined by examining the absorbance of reaction buffer at 420 nm based on guaiacol oxidation (Maehly and Chance, 1954). APX activity was calculated by the consumption rate of ASC using the ASC extinction molar coefficient (e = 2.8 mM-1⋅cm-1). APX activity was expressed with EU⋅mg-1 protein. One unit of APX is the quantity of protein used to break down 1.0 μmol of substrate per min at 25°C. The activity of GR (EC 1.6.4.2) and GPX (EC 1.11.1.9) was determined using GR Assay Kit (S0055, Beyotime, China) and Total GPX Assay Kit (S0058, Beyotime, China), respectively, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The absorbance was read at 340 nm with spectrophotometer (Biomate 3S, Thermo). GR activity was expressed as μmol NADPH oxidized min-1 (EU⋅mg-1 protein) (Carlberg and Mannervik, 1985). The GPX activity was calculated by measuring the reduction of NADPH to NADP+ at 340 nm of absorbance.
Analysis of Relative Water Content (RWC)
The extent of desiccation in WT and transgenic poplars aboveground part was indicated with RWC (%) following the formula RWC % = (Wde – Wdr)/(Wf - Wdr) × 100, where Wf is the wet weight of fully hydrated aboveground part, Wde is the dehydrated weight after desiccation for a period of time, and Wdr is the dry weight determined after 48 h of drying at 80°C. Through this, the RWC reflects the extent of desiccation, with a fully hydrated shoot having a RWC of 100% and a fully dehydrated shoot having a RWC close to 0%. A lower RWC indicates higher desiccation.
Stomatal Aperture Measurements
To measure stomatal aperture in response to ABA, epidermal peels of the leaves in the same location were floated on a stomatal opening medium containing 50 mM KCl, 10 mM MES-KOH (pH 6.15), and 0.1 mM CaCl2 and incubated in a growth chamber under white light (150 μmol⋅m-2⋅s-1) for 2 h. The epidermal strips were transferred to the opening medium with 0 or 20 μM ABA and incubated for a further 2 h before stomatal apertures were measured.
Hyperosmotic Stress Treatment
The 5 cm apical shoot segments of WT and transgenic poplars were transferred into the 1/2 solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.1 mg⋅L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid and 1% (w/v) agar supplemented with 0, 200, or 300 mM mannitol. The photos were taken at the 30th day after mannitol treatment. The experiments were repeated three times.
H2O2 Staining
H2O2 in leaves was visualized by 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB). Populus leaves were cut at the leaf base and infiltrated in 1 mg/mL DAB solution (50 mM Tris-HAC, pH 5.0) for 2–8 h. Samples were then decolorized in 95% ethanol at 80°C for 2 h. Brown flecks indicate the accumulation of H2O2 (Yang et al., 2004). The leaves were observed and photographed under stereomicroscope.
Statistical Analysis
The experiments were repeated three times and all comparisons of average values were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. Post hoc comparisons were performed by applying least significant difference test. Significant differences were indicated with the threshold of P < 0.05.
Results
Molecular Characterization of the Transgenic PtPYRLs Poplar Plants
To obtain transgenic poplar lines that overexpress the ABA receptors PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 genes under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter were introduced into the leaf explants from a hybrid poplar cultivar (Populus davidiana × Populus bolleana), respectively. After cultured in the medium containing timentin and hygromycin, shoots were regenerated from some transfected explants (Supplementary Figure S2A). Partial regenerated shoots formed roots when they were placed on rooting medium (Supplementary Figure S2B), and these rooted plantlets were selected to analyze 35S-PtPYRL1 or 35S-PtPYRL5 insertion by PCR analysis of genomic DNA. A reporter gene encoding GUS was co-transferred into the leaf explants via the same vector, to authenticate the transgene expression in the putative transgenic lines. The GUS staining analysis revealed that all rooted seedlings expressed GUS activity properly (Figure 1A), confirming the integration and expression of the transgene in the genome of the transformants (Figure 1B). More than 10 independent lines were obtained for each of transgenes, including the lines L1-3, L1-10, and L1-13 expressing PtPYRL1, and the lines L5-1, L5-2, and L5-3 expressing PtPYRL5 (Figure 1B). After the rooted seedlings were transferred into soil, the survival seedlings were selected for further analysis of the differential expression levels of PtPYRLs by RT-PCR (Figures 2A,C) and qRT-PCR (Figures 2B,D). Among of them, Lines L1-3, L1-10, and L1-13 had over eightfold increment of the relative expression level of PtPYRL1 than in WT (Figure 2B), and lines L5-1 and L5-3 had over threefold increment of the relative expression level of PtPYRL5 compared with WT (Figure 2D). Thus, two lines with high level of PtPYRL1 (L1-3 and L1-10) or of PtPYRL5 (L5-1 and L5-3) were used for subsequent physiological analysis.
FIGURE 1. Identification of transgenic poplar plants. (A) Histochemical analysis of GUS histochemical in PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 transgenic poplar leaves. (B) PCR analysis of genomic DNA from different independently regenerated hygromycin resistant lines using 35S and PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 specific primers.
FIGURE 2. Expression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 in wild type (WT) and transgenic hybrid poplars. Expression of PtPYRL1 (A) or PtPYRL5 (C) in 2-month-old WT and transgenic hybrid poplars (L1-13, L1-10, and L1-3) grown at normal medium. The level was detected using gene-specific primers after 26 PCR cycles. EF1β was used as endogenous control in all cDNA samples. Relative levels of PtPYRL1 transcripts (B) or PtPYRL5 transcripts (D) in three transgenic lines by qRT-PCR. Total RNA was isolated from 2-month-old leaves grown at normal medium. The relative expression level was calculated as the ratio of PtPYRL level to endogenous control EF1β level.
Overexpression of Poplar ABA Receptors Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Poplar Plants
To investigate the role of PtPYRLs in drought tolerance, 2-month-old wild-type, PtPYRL1 transgenic plants (L1-3 and L1-10), and PtPYRL5 transgenic plants (L5-1 and L5-3) were subjected to water withhold for 5 days and then re-watered for 3 days. After 5 days of water deprivation, wild-type plants began to wilt, while most of transgenic plants remained fresh and alive (Figure 3B), similar to those grown under the watering condition (Figure 3A). When plants were re-watered for 3 days, WT became wilted permanently and eventually died, whereas transgenic plants showed less damaged and most of them recovered growth (Figure 3C). Similarly, PtPYRL5 transgenic plants [L5-1 and L5-3 and another two PtPYRL1 transgenic lines (L1-8 and L1-5)] displayed a healthier growth compared with the WT after rewatering (Supplementary Figures S3A–C). Furthermore, transgenic poplars overexpressing PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 showed more shoot biomass (Figure 3D and Supplementary Figures S3D, S4D) and shoot height (Figure 3E and Supplementary Figures S3E, S4E) than WT. They also had higher leaf water potential Ψ than WT (Figure 3F and Supplementary Figures S3F, S4F), indicating the leaves of transgenic lines retained more water during the stress.
FIGURE 3. Overexpression of poplar ABA receptor PtPYRL1 in poplars enhanced drought-stress resistance. (A) Two-month-old WT (non-transgenic hybrid poplars) and transgenic poplars (L1-3 and L1-10) were cultured in the greenhouse with normal watering. (B) WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were not watered for 5 days. (C) After drought, WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were then re-watered for 3 days. The shoot weight after drought stress treatment (D), shoot height after re-watered for 3 days (E), water potential value (F) of WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were measured. Values are means ± standard deviation (SD) (one-way ANOVA test; ∗P < 0.05 as compared to WT).
Drought stress severely impairs the cellular lipid structure and function in tree species (Štajner et al., 2011), and thus the corresponding products proline and MDA were measured in these poplars. Though the proline and MDA contents in both WT and transgenic poplars were increased after drought stress treatment, the transgenic poplars contained higher proline level (Figures 4A,C) and less MDA content (Figures 4B,D) than WT. It is noteworthy that the changes of biomass, water potential, proline, and MDA in the transgenic PtPYRL5 lines (L5-1 and L5-3) were less significant than the transgenic PtPYRL1 lines (L1-3 and L1-10), suggesting that PtPYRL1 may be more potent than PtPYL5 in inducing the downstream protective responses. Moreover, relative water content (RWC) of detached leaves was higher from transgenic PtPYRL1 lines (L1-3 and L1-10) than from WT plants after exposed in air for 6 h (Figure 5). Taken together, these results indicated that overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 in poplars enhanced the resistance to drought stress, probably by reducing water loss rate.
FIGURE 4. Proline (A,C) and MDA (B,D) contents were measured in WT and PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 transgenic hybrid poplars after drought treatment. Values are means ± SD (one-way ANOVA test; ∗P < 0.05 as compared to WT).
FIGURE 5. Relative water content (RWC) of WT and PtPYRL1, PtPYRL5 overexpressing poplars after exposure in the air. RWC during a 6-h period from the detached shoot of the WT, PtPYRL1- and PtPYRL5-overexpressing hybrid poplars. Each value is the mean ± SD of three biological determinations. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the RWC of each transgenic poplar with those of the WT (with significant differences at ∗P < 0.05 as compared to WT; ∗∗P < 0.01 as compared to WT).
Effects of PtPYRLs Overexpression on Antioxidant Metabolism in Poplars under Drought Stress
Lipid hydroperoxidation is considered as the biochemical indicator of cellular oxidative damage, which is induced by excessive accumulation of the reactive oxidative species (e.g., superoxide and H2O2) in plant cells (Yoshimura et al., 2004; Sochor et al., 2012). Therefore, we measured H2O2 content in the leaves of WT and transgenic plants. In parallel with the increase in MDA contents indicated in Figure 4, cellular H2O2 levels were also increased by drought stress in the WT and transgenic PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 plants. However, H2O2 level was significantly lower in these transgenic hybrid poplars than that in the WT leaves (Figure 6A). Correspondingly, the activity of the key enzymes controlling ROS scavenging, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidases (APX), and catalase (CAT), were analyzed in these poplars under drought stress. Indeed, the activity of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT were remarkably enhanced in transgenic hybrid poplars compared with the WT (Figures 6B–E). Besides these antioxidant enzymes, plants have several non-enzymatic antioxidants important for redox equilibrium, such as glutathione (GSH) (Cao et al., 2009). GSH content is controlled by glutathione reductase (GR), which has an important role in maintaining the level of glutathione, and by glutathione peroxidases (GPx), which can catalyze the reduction of lipid peroxide through glutathione. Upon drought stress, transgenic hybrid poplars had higher activity of GR and GPx than WT (Figures 6F,G). These results indicated that overexpression of PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 resulted in greater stimulation of the activity of enzymes responsible for ROS and GSH metabolism in poplars upon drought stress.
FIGURE 6. H2O2 content (A), SOD (B), POD (C), APX (D), CAT (E), GPx (F), and GR (G) activities assay of WT, PtPYRL1, and PtPYRL5 overexpressing poplars under drought conditions. 2-month-old WT and transgenic hybrid poplars (L1-3, L1-10, L5-1, and L5-3) were watered regularly, drought stress was performed on these poplars withholding water for additional 5 days, and the leaves were collected. Values for enzyme activities such as SOD, POD, APX, and CAT were normalized to those for the WT hybrid poplars grown under well-watered conditions, which were set at one. Error bars show standard deviations (n = 12, one-way ANOVA test; ∗P < 0.05 as compared to WT).
Overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 Accelerated Stomatal Closure Induced by ABA
The stomatal movement is one of the most important responses in plants under drought stress, and stomatal behavior is highly controlled by ABA. ABA was thus applied to assess the potential difference in stomatal movement between the WT and the transgenic PtPYRLs poplars. Without any treatment, even though overexpressing lines have more closed stomata, the difference was not significant, as shown by ANOVA test. With 20 μM ABA treatment, a significant decrease in stomatal aperture was found for both WT and the transgenic PtPYRLs poplars (Figure 7A). There was a significant difference between WT-mock and WT-ABA using ANOVA test. Stomatal apertures in the PtPYRL1- and PtPYRL5-overexpressing lines L1-3, L1-10, L5-1, and L5-3 reduced to 0.394, 0.395, 0.387, and 0.392, respectively, while stomatal aperture of WT became 0.490 (Figure 7B), which was significantly larger than that of PtPYRL1- and PtPYRL5-overexpressing lines. These results indicate that the overexpression of PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 enhanced poplar stomatal closure in response to ABA, which might be the cause of the enhanced drought tolerance of transgenic plants.
FIGURE 7. Stomatal movement in WT and PtPYRL1, PtPYRL5 overexpressing hybrid poplars under ABA treatment. (A) The representative images of stomata shape of WT and transgenic seedlings in the presence or absence of ABA. The 2-month-old WT and transgenic seedlings L1-3, L1-10, L5-1, and L5-3 were treated with stomata opening buffer (mock) (upper), or with 20 μM ABA (lower). Pictures were taken 2 h after ABA treatment in Olympus BX51 microscope in 40× magnification. Scale bar is 100 μm. (B) Stomatal aperture of WT and transgenic seedlings at 2 h after treatment with stomatal opening buffer (mock) or with 20 μM ABA. Stomatal aperture was calculated as the ratio of stomatal width to length. About 200 stomata were analyzed for each genotype. Bars represent mean ± SEM of three independent experiments and significant differences are indicated as ∗P < 0.05.
Overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 Enhanced Osmotic Stress Resistance
Osmotic damage is a major consequence of drought stress in plants, and ABA signaling contributes to damage reduction (Skirycz and Inzé, 2010). Overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 enhanced resistance to water deficit (Figure 3 and Supplementary Figures S3, S4), which suggested a possible role of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 in high osmotic stress resistance. To confirm this possibility, wild-type and transgenic shoots were cultured on 1/2 MS supplemented with 200 or 300 mM mannitol. The supplementation of mannitol inhibited the growth of WT and transgenic poplars (Figure 8A). At the presence of 300 mM mannitol, the WT plants did not even survive and their leaves show yellowish and withered, while young leaves of transgenic plants overexpressing PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 kept green and some old leaves displayed yellowish at leaf edge (Figures 8A,B). In addition, unlike WT plants, all transgenic plants generated new roots successfully in 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 300 mM mannitol (Figures 8A,B). According to the statistical analysis shown in Figure 8C, transgenic plants overexpressing PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 had roots with an average length of around 4.5 cm, while the WT did not have visible roots. These results indicated that the transgenic poplar overexpressing PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 improved the resistance to hyperosmotic stress.
FIGURE 8. Overexpression of PtPYRL1/5 in hybrid poplar improved resistance to hyperosmotic stress. (A) Short shoot segments (upper) and new fibrous roots (down) grown for 5 days on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with mannitol (200 and 300 mM). Under 200 and 300 mM mannitol treatment, in comparison to the transgenic poplars, the damage to apical leaves bud and new roots of WT is more serious. (B) Outgrowth of fibrous roots of shoot segments from poplars overexpressing PtPYRL1/5 (L1-3 and L5-1) is not inhibited by 300 mM mannitol, however, outgrowth of fibrous roots of shoot segments from WT poplars is inhibited by 300 mM mannitol. Bars represent 1 cm. (C) The length of the fibrous root of shoot segments in (B). Values are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (n = 10 shoots segments, ∗∗∗P < 0.001 as compared to WT).
Overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 Reduced the Injury Induced by Low Temperature
We also subjected WT and transgenic PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 poplars to low temperature which is a common stress in poplars growth and found that PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 transgenic poplars displayed the increased resistance under chilling stress (Figure 9). After 4°C treatment for 5 days, the apical young leaves of WT were damaged more severely with leaf wilting and necrosis than that of transgenic poplars (Figure 9A). Furthermore, the leaves of WT had a higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide visualized by 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Figure 9B). Meanwhile, the leaves of WT contained less proline accumulation, a key anti-freeze component (Figure 9C). These results suggested that overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 alleviated the injury induced by low temperature in poplars.
FIGURE 9. Cell viability, contents of hydrogen peroxide, and osmolytes in leaves of WT and PtPYRL1, PtPYRL5- overexpressing poplars under low temperature treatments. (A) The phenotype of WT and transgenic hybrid poplars (L1-3, L1-10, L5-1, and L5-3) under cold stress treatments. Hydrogen peroxide in leaves were visualized by DAB (B), respectively. (C) Proline content of WT and PtPYRL1- or PtPYRL5- overexpressing hybrid poplars. Values are means ± SD of three independent experiments (∗P < 0.05 as compared to WT).
Discussion
As initial factors in triggering ABA signaling, the physiological function of PYR/PYL/RCARs family is supposed to be critical in the evolution from aquatic to terrestrial plants. PYR/PYL/RCAR genes have been reported to be present as 13–14 members in the genome of Arabidopsis, rice and Populus (Ma et al., 2009; Tian et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2016). As a class of ubiquitous soluble protein, the PYR/PYL/RCARs family plays a critical role in ABA response and signal transduction in plants. Overexpression of Arabidopsis PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors is known to enhance ABA response and plant drought tolerance (Santiago et al., 2009; Saavedra et al., 2010; Pizzio et al., 2013). Our previous study showed the transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 were both hypersensitive to ABA and enhanced drought resistance (Yu et al., 2016). In the present study, we further provide evidence that these two PtPYRLs are very important in poplars to confer tolerance to diverse environmental abiotic stresses, including drought, hyper-osmosis, and low temperature.
The PYR/PYL/RCAR genes have been shown to enhance drought tolerance in Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato (González-Guzmán et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2016). But the evidence of functional studies in the woody plants are still lacking. In our study, hybrid poplar Populus davidiana × Populus bolleana was transformed with the PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 gene and WT hybrid poplar served as control. We did not observe any phenotypic changes in PtPYRL1/5 overexpression transgenic poplars under normal growth conditions. Compared with WT poplars, overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 enhanced drought tolerance. The shoot weight, leaf water potential, and proline concentration were obviously increased, and MDA content was markedly reduced in transgenic poplars under drought condition, resulted in rapid recovery with higher shoot height after drought and re-watering treatment. Low water availability in the dry soil limited evaporation and made water potential in the cell drop, these changes were associated with reduction in the leaf RWC. The overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 in poplars showed larger leaf water potential (Ψ) after drought treatment, probably due to increased water retention capacity of the cells, lower water loss rate as well as more adaptive stomatal movement during the stress (Leung and Giraudat, 1998; Zhu, 2002; Souza et al., 2004; Kwak et al., 2008). As showed in Figure 7, exogenous ABA promoted the stomata closure, PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 overexpressing transgenic poplars were more sensitive to ABA. Hereafter, recovery will be described as the visual evidence of new above ground development and growth, according to previous studies (Brodribb and Cochard, 2009; Petrov et al., 2015), which defined the process of recovery as a process of reactivated physiological processes and meristematic activity. PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 overexpressing transgenic poplars were taller and better recovered than WT poplars after drought and re-watering treatment (Figure 3E). Our findings supported the earlier finding that drought causes hydraulic restriction, with the subsequent development of high tension in the xylem water column and the closure of stomata (Tyree and Sperry, 1988). Larger aboveground biomass indicated better survival in the drought stressed PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 overexpressing transgenic poplars, while more proline accumulation resulted in the better water status maintenance (Bajji et al., 2001) and less MDA concentration led to better protection of the cell membrane structures in the drought treated PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 overexpressing transgenic poplars. The results presented here indicated that PtPYRL1/5 positively regulates ABA-related response to drought stress.
Drought commonly results in oxidative stress due to the over-production and over-accumulation of ROS derived from inefficient dissipation of excessive excitation energy (Shanker et al., 2014). The over-accumulation of ROS may lead to biochemical disruption of membranes and result in mortality (Suzuki et al., 2012; Petrov et al., 2015). ROS scavenging systems of plants detoxify ROS to minimize and/or prevent oxidative damage in cells by increasing the activity of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX, POD, GR, and GPx (Gill and Tuteja, 2010). In the present study, the content of H2O2 was significantly lower in the PtPYRL1- and PtPYRL5-overexpressing poplars than in WT under drought stress (Figure 6A). Consistent with this phenomenon, all of the measured antioxidant enzyme activities showed notably increased in transgenic poplars after drought treatment (Figures 6B–G). It was proposed that the antioxidant protection is related to higher leaf water potential Ψ (Figure 3F and Supplementary Figures S3F, S4F) (Menconi et al., 1995). These results demonstrated that overexpression of PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 increased the antioxidant enzyme activities protecting transgenic poplars against the oxidative damage.
Consistently, osmotic stress significantly suppressed wild-type poplars roots development and leaf growth compared with PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 overexpressing poplars (Figure 8). The increased root growth rate of transgenic poplars (Figure 8C) has to be coupled with a mechanism that alleviates the physiological growth retardation consequences of the osmotic stress. In PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 overexpressing poplars, roots had increased the low water availability, as their rapid root growth resulted in more water absorption. Since the osmotic stress has been suggested to increase the ABA levels in plant cells (Zeevaart and Creelman, 1998), transgenic poplars might perceive ABA more rapidly and might trigger more efficiently the downstream responses. The phenotype of transgenic poplars under osmotic stress indicated that PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 increased the tolerance to hyperosmotic stress.
Another common environmental stress, a low temperature, severely inhibits plant growth and development. A recent study illustrated that co-overexpression of two genes, a bZIP transcription factor (OsbZIP46CA1) and a protein kinase (SAPK6) involved in the ABA signaling pathway, showed improved tolerance to heat and cold stresses in rice (Chang et al., 2017). In order to enhance plant adaptability to low temperature, lipids, amino acid, membrane components, and other molecules in the cell are produced to promote cell membrane fluidity and structural rearrangement (Maruyama et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016). Balance of the cellular ROS homeostasis also contributes to the tolerance to temperature stresses (Wang et al., 2017). Our results showed that the PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 overexpressing poplars enhanced low temperature stress tolerance (Figure 9), associated with more efficient ROS scavenging (Figure 9B) and more proline accumulation to maintain membrane integrity (Figure 9C). On the other hand, it is well known that phytohormone ABA activates a cascade of downstream signaling events in response to cold exposure (Knight et al., 2004). Further studies are required to investigate how PtPYRL1 and PtPYRL5 mediates adaptive responses to cold at the molecular level. Moreover, though our data showed that both ABA receptors are over-expressed in transgenic poplar plants at the mRNA level, it would be interesting to test their protein accumulation in future studies, since it has been suggested that PYR/PYL receptors undergo regulation at protein level by 26S proteasome pathway in Arabidopsis (Bueso et al., 2014; Irigoyen et al., 2014).
Populus is a perennial woody model plant and also economically important tree. Most Populus are sensitive to environmental factors, which considerably affects their productivities. As we know, arid and semi-arid regions account for approximately 30% of the worldwide area (Sivakumar et al., 2005). Meanwhile, the climate in poplars cultivated land of China is mostly dry and frigid. Therefore, breeding high drought- and cold-tolerant poplar cultivars is very necessary for improving land use efficiency and poplar forestry development. In our study, transgenic poplar overexpressing PtPYRL1 or PtPYRL5 was found to be significantly more drought and chilling tolerant than WT plants. We hope that the transgenic poplars generated in this study can be used for cultivating in cold as well as arid and semi-arid areas.
Author Contributions
LY, RT, and SL designed the study. LY, WL, HG, and JY revised the manuscript critically. LY, JY, RT, YW, XW, and FZ performed experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (020814380062) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK2012306).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
We gratefully acknowledge Hongxia Zhang for poplar material and pCAMBIA1301S2 plasmid.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01752/full#supplementary-material
FIGURE S1 | The pCAMBIA1301S2-PtPYRL1 (or PtPYRL5) Vector map.
FIGURE S2 | Transformants selection. (A) Adventitious bud regenerated from selection medium. (B) Transgenic shoots formed roots on selection medium.
FIGURE S3 | Overexpression of poplar ABA receptor PtPYRL5 in poplars enhanced drought-stress resistance. (A) 2-month-old WT (non-transgenic hybrid poplars) and transgenic poplars (L5-1 and L5-3) were cultured in the greenhouse with normal watering. (B) WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were not watered for 5 days. (C) After drought, WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were then re-watered for 3 days. The shoot weight after drought stress treatment (D), shoot height after re-watered for 3 days (E), water potential value (F) of WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were measured. Values are means ± SD (one-way ANOVA test; ∗P < 0.05 as compared to WT).
FIGURE S4 | Overexpression of poplar ABA receptor PtPYRL1 in poplars enhanced drought-stress resistance. (A) 2-month-old WT (non-transgenic hybrid poplars) and transgenic poplars (L1-8 and L1-5) were cultured in the greenhouse with normal watering. (B) WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were not watered for 5 days. (C) After drought, WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were then re-watered for 3 days. The shoot weight after drought stress treatment (D), shoot height after re-watered for 3 days (E), water potential value (F), proline content (G) and MDA content (H) of WT and transgenic hybrid poplars were measured. Values are means ± SD (n = 18, three independent experiments, one-way ANOVA test; ∗P < 0.05).
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Keywords: Populus, ABA receptor, drought, cold stress, osmotic stress, resistance
Citation: Yu J, Ge H, Wang X, Tang R, Wang Y, Zhao F, Lan W, Luan S and Yang L (2017) Overexpression of Pyrabactin Resistance-Like Abscisic Acid Receptors Enhances Drought, Osmotic, and Cold Tolerance in Transgenic Poplars. Front. Plant Sci. 8:1752. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01752
Received: 22 July 2017; Accepted: 25 September 2017;
Published: 13 October 2017.
Edited by:
Kai He, Lanzhou University, ChinaReviewed by:
Frantisek Baluska, University of Bonn, GermanyTamara Pecenkova, Institute of Experimental Botany (ASCR), Czechia
Copyright © 2017 Yu, Ge, Wang, Tang, Wang, Zhao, Lan, Luan and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wenzhi Lan, lanw@nju.edu.cn Sheng Luan, sluan@berkeley.edu Lei Yang, leiyang@nju.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work.