TY - JOUR AU - Aguilar, Wendy AU - SantamarĂ­a-Bonfil, Guillermo AU - Froese, Tom AU - Gershenson, Carlos PY - 2014 M3 - Review TI - The Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Life JO - Frontiers in Robotics and AI UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2014.00008 VL - 1 SN - 2296-9144 N2 - For millennia people have wondered what makes the living different from the non-living. Beginning in the mid-1980s, artificial life has studied living systems using a synthetic approach: build life in order to understand it better, be it by means of software, hardware, or wetware. This review provides a summary of the advances that led to the development of artificial life, its current research topics, and open problems and opportunities. We classify artificial life research into 14 themes: origins of life, autonomy, self-organization, adaptation (including evolution, development, and learning), ecology, artificial societies, behavior, computational biology, artificial chemistries, information, living technology, art, and philosophy. Being interdisciplinary, artificial life seems to be losing its boundaries and merging with other fields. ER -