AUTHOR=Hayes Stephen , Murphy James , Mahony Jennifer , Lugli Gabriele A. , Ventura Marco , Noben Jean-Paul , Franz Charles M. A. P. , Neve Horst , Nauta Arjen , Van Sinderen Douwe 

TITLE=Biocidal Inactivation of Lactococcus lactis Bacteriophages: Efficacy and Targets of Commonly Used Sanitizers

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2017

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00107

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00107

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> strains, being intensely used in the dairy industry, are particularly vulnerable to members of the so-called 936 group of phages. Sanitization and disinfection using purpose-made biocidal solutions is a critical step in controlling phage contamination in such dairy processing plants. The susceptibility of 36 936 group phages to biocidal treatments was examined using 14 biocides and commercially available sanitizers. The targets of a number of these biocides were investigated by means of electron microscopic and proteomic analyses. The results from this study highlight significant variations in phage resistance to biocides among 936 phages. Furthermore, rather than possessing resistance to specific biocides or biocide types, biocide-resistant phages tend to possess a broad tolerance to multiple classes of antimicrobial compounds.</p>