AUTHOR=Rodgers Stephanie , grosse Holtforth Martin , Hengartner Michael P. , Müller Mario , Aleksandrowicz Aleksandra A. , Rössler Wulf , Ajdacic-Gross Vladeta 

TITLE=Serum Testosterone Levels and Symptom-Based Depression Subtypes in Men

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Psychiatry

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2015

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00061

DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00061

ISSN=1664-0640

ABSTRACT=<p>The main objective of this preliminary study was to further clarify the association between testosterone (T) levels and depression by investigating symptom-based depression subtypes in a sample of 64 men. The data were taken from the ZInEP epidemiology survey. Gonadal hormones of a melancholic (<italic>n </italic> = 25) and an atypical (<italic>n</italic> = 14) depression subtype, derived from latent class analysis, were compared with those of healthy controls (<italic>n </italic> = 18). Serum T was assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure. Analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, non-parametrical tests, and generalized linear regression models were performed to examine group differences. The atypical depressive subtype showed significantly lower T levels compared with the melancholic depressives. While accumulative evidence indicates that, beyond psychosocial characteristics, the melancholic and atypical depressive subtypes are also distinguishable by biological correlates, the current study expanded this knowledge to include gonadal hormones. Further longitudinal research is warranted to disclose causality by linking the multiple processes in pathogenesis of depression.</p>